Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Question 1

4 most common elements in the human body

Answer 1

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

Question 2

What’s the difference between a molecule and a compound?

Answer 2

Molecule—two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically
Compound—two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically

Question 3

Ionic bonds

Answer 3

transfer of electrons btwn atoms; anion accepts an electron & cation donates an electron
ex: NaCl

Question 4

Ions
Result from the loss or gain of electrons
Anions are negative due to gain of electron(s)
Cations are positive due to loss of electron(s)

Answer 4

Result from the loss or gain of electrons
Anions are negative due to gain of electron(s)
Cations are positive due to loss of electron(s)
ex: NaCl

Question 5

Covalent bonds

Answer 5

electrons shared btwn atoms
= can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar (equal sharing)
= polar covalent bonds create partial (+) & (-) charges on molecule which then permits
ex: H2, O2

Question 6

hydrogen bonds

Answer 6

partially (+) ends of a molecule are attracted to the partially (-) ends of other molecules
= these are weak bonds that cannot bind atoms together but they are important intramolecular bonds
= examples of hydrogen bonding - btwn water molecules, nucleotides in DNA & proteins

Question 7

What is the pH scale based on?

Answer 7

pH scale is based on the number of H+ in solution

Question 8

What is the pH of blood? 
Of HCl (stomach acid)?

Answer 8

pH of our blood is 7.4

HCl of stomach acid is a pH of 2

Question 9

What chemical buffers keep our bloom pH between 7.35 and 7.45?

Answer 9

carbonic acid

bicarbonate

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

is a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

are insoluble in water; include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and eicosanoids.

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

are composed of amino acids; basic structural materials for cells as well as enzymes, hemoglobin in blood and contractile proteins of muscle.

Question 13

What is ATP?

Answer 13

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – currency for energy; used for Transport, Mechanical & Chemical Work - pg

Question 14

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for DNA?

Answer 14

DNA nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine & Guanine; A pairs w/ T and C pairs w/ G

Question 15

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases for RNA?

Answer 15

RNA nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine & Guanine; U replaces T

Question 16

what are nucleotides made up of?

Answer 16

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate.

Question 17

____ & ____ are nucleic acids that are composed of nucleotides

Answer 17

DNA and RNA