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Biology 22 > Anatomy of Bones > Flashcards

Anatomy of Bones Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces

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2
Q

compact bone

A

homogeneous, dense bone

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3
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft, composed of compact bone

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4
Q

epiphyseal line

A

What the epiphyseal plate turns into. This allows for lengthwise growth in childhood. New cartilage is made and old cartilage is ossified into bone.

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5
Q

epiphysis

A

Ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone

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6
Q

periosteum

A

Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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7
Q

Name the 3 major components of the axial skeleton

A

Skull Vertebral column bony thorax

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8
Q

Define “suture”

A

Where two plates of bone grow and fuse together and are held together by short fibrous cartilage.

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9
Q

What is the only joint in the skull which is NOT a suture?

A

The mandible.

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10
Q

Name the four major sutures of the skull and what they connect.

A

Sagital suture: parietal bones Squamous suture: temporal bone with parietal bone Lambdoid suture: occipital bone and parietal bones Coronal suture: parietal and frontal bone

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11
Q

Name the 8 bones composing the cranium

A

parietal occipital frontal temporal sphenoid zygomatic? mandible? maxilla?

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12
Q

What is the bone forming the anterior cranium, or forehead?

A

Frontal bone

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13
Q

Skull: Cheekbone

A

zygomatic

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14
Q

Skull: upper jaw

A

maxilla

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15
Q

Skull: bridge of nose

A

nasal

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16
Q

Skull: posterior roof of mouth

A

palatine

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17
Q

Skull: bone pair united by the sagittal suture

A

parietal

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18
Q

Skull: site of jugular foramen and carotid canal

A

temporal

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19
Q

Skull: contains a “saddle” that houses the pituitary gland

A

sphenoid

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20
Q

Skull: allows tear ducts to pass

A

lacrimal

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21
Q

Skull: forms most of the hard palate

A

maxilla

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22
Q

Skull: superior and medial nasal conchae are part of this bone

A

ethmoid

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23
Q

Skull: site of external auditory meatus

A

temporal?

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24
Q

Skull: has greater and lesser wings

A

sphenoid?

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25
Q

Skull: its “holey” plate allows olfactory fibers to pass

A

ethmoid

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26
Q

Skull: facial bone that contains a sinus (4 answers)

A

sphenoid ethmoid frontal maxillary

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27
Q

Skull: its oval-shaped protrusions articulate with the atlas

A

occipital condyle

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28
Q

Skull: spinal cord passes thru a large opening in this bone

A

occipital

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29
Q

Skull: not really a skull bone

A

hyoid

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30
Q

Skull: forms the chin

A

mandible

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31
Q

Skull: inferior part of nasal septum

A

vomer?

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32
Q

Skull: contain alveoli bearing teeth (2)

A

mandible maxilla

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33
Q

Skull: bears an upward protrusion called the rooster’s comb

A

ethmoid

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34
Q

Vertebral Column: vertebral type with a bidfid (forked) spinous process

A

cervical vertebra, typical?

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35
Q

Vertebral Column: pivots on C2, lacks a body

A

axis

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36
Q

Vertebral Column: bear facets for articulation with ribs; form part of bony thoracic cage

A

thoracic vertebra

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37
Q

Vertebral Column: forms a joint with the hip bone

A

sacrum

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38
Q

Vertebral Column: vertebra with block like body and short stout spinous process

A

lumbar vertebra

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39
Q

Vertebral Column: “tailbone”

A

coccyx

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40
Q

Vertebral Column: articulates with occipital condyles

A

atlas

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41
Q

Vertebral Column: five components, unfused

A

lumbar vertebra

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42
Q

Vertebral Column: 12 componentes, unfused

A

thoracic vertebra

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43
Q

Vertebral Column: five components, fused

A

sacrum

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44
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage

45
Q

Name the 3 major components of the bony thorax

A

vertebral column Ribs sternum

46
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches

A

deltoid tuberosity

47
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: arm bone

A

humerus

48
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: bones of the shoulder girdle (2)

A

clavicle scapula

49
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: forearm bones (2)

A

radius ulna

50
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: scapular region to which the clavicle connects

A

acromion

51
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: shoulder girls bone that articulates with and transmits forces to the bony thorax

A

caracoid process

52
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus

A

glenoid cavity

53
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

A

coracoid process

54
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: the “collarbone”

A

clavicle

55
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: distal condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna

A

trochlea

56
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: medial bone of the forearm in anatomical position

A

ulna

57
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: wrist bones

A

carpals

58
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: finger bones

A

phalanges

59
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: heads of these bones form the knuckles

A

metacarpals

60
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb: bones that articulate with the clavicle (2)

A

scapula sternum

61
Q

Define “false pelvis”

A

the top of hip bones and posterior side of pelvic girdle. Not an enclosed circle.

62
Q

Define “true pelvis”

A

the circle formed by the ischium and pubis bones, this is the birth canal

63
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: ___, ___, and ___ fuse to form the coxal bone

A

ilimum ischium pubis

64
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: “sit down” bone of the coxal bone

A

ischium

65
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: point where the coal bones join anteriorly

A

pubic symphysis

66
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: superior most margin of the coxal bone

A

ilium??

67
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

A

acetebulum

68
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

A

sacroiliac joint?

69
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: longest, strongest bone in the body

A

femur

70
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: thin lateral leg bone

A

fibula

71
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: heavy, medial leg bone

A

tibia

72
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: bones forming knee joint (2)

A

patella tibia

73
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: point where the patellar ligament attaches

A

tibial tuberosity

74
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: kneecap

A

patella

75
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: shinbone

A

tibia

76
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: medial ankle projection

A

medial melleolus

77
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: lateral angle projection

A

lateral malleolus

78
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: two largest tarsal bones (2)

A

calcaneus talus

79
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: ankle bones

A

tarsals

80
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: bones forming the instep of the foot

A

metatarsals

81
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

A

obturator foramen

82
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur (2)

A

great and lessor trochanters gluteal tuberosity

83
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: tarsal bone that “sits” on the calcaneus

A

talus

84
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: weight bearing bone of the leg

A

tibia? Femur?

85
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb: tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia

A

talus

86
Q

perforating (Sharey’s) Fibers

A

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

87
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone: Osteon (Haversian system)

A

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

88
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone: Central (Haversian) canal

A

Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves

89
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone: Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A

Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves

90
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone: Lacunae

A

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

91
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone: Lamellae

A

Rings around the central canal Sites of lacunae

92
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone: Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

93
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

94
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

95
Q

Osteoclasts

A

giant bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

96
Q

What is the compact bone’s subunit in the Haversian system that has central and perforating canals?

A

osteon

97
Q

Fractures: Comminuted

A

bone breaks into many fragments

98
Q

Fractures: Compression

A

bone is crushed

99
Q

Fractures: Spiral

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

100
Q

Fractures: Epiphyseal

A

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis

101
Q

Fractures: Depressed

A

broken bone portion is pressed in

102
Q

Fractures: Greenstick

A

bone breaks incompletely

103
Q

Fractures: Impacted

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

104
Q

4 Stages of Healing Bone Fractures

A

Stage 1: Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Stage 2: Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Stage 3: Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Stage 4: Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

105
Q

What is the function of the sinuses?

A

to make the bones in the head lighter to provide resonance for speech

106
Q

Abnormal Spine Curvature: Lordosis

A

Swayback, too great of a curve in the lower back.

107
Q

Abnormal Spine Curvature: Kyphosis

A

too much of a curve in the upper back. Like a hunch developed in older age

108
Q

Abnormal Spine Curvature: Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine. Goes sideways

Biology 22 (11 decks)

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