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Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards

0
Q

Human cells have 3 basic parts:

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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1
Q

The study of cells

A

Cytology

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2
Q

What kind of bilateral is the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid

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3
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Dynamic fluid structure, is selectively permeable, seperated intercellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)

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4
Q

Membrane lipids

A

75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol

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5
Q

Phospholipids parts

A

Polar Hydrophilic phosphate heads and unipolar hydrophilic fatty acid tails

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6
Q

Define Glycolipids

A

Lipids with sugar groups, cell identification

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7
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

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8
Q

Integral protiens

A

Firmly inserted in membrane, mostly transmembrane protiens

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9
Q

Peripheral protiens

A

Loosely attached to integral protiens

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10
Q

Define glycocalyx

A

Fuzzy stick “sugar covering” at cell surface (glycolipids and glycoproteins
Acts as biological market allowing cells to recognize eachother

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11
Q

Cell junctions

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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12
Q

Tight junction

A

Impermeable junctions that prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space, in lining of intestines

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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions to prevent desperation of cells and withhold mechanical stress

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14
Q

Gap junction

A

Communication junction that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell, cardiac muscle & smooth muscle

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15
Q

Passive transport

A

Does not use ATP

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

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17
Q

Different diffusions

A

Simple diffusion

Facilitied diffusion

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18
Q

Simple diffusion

A

diffusion of solutes through plasma membrane without using a channel or carrier

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19
Q

Speed of a molecule is determined by

A

Size and temp and concentration gradient

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20
Q

Carrier mediated

A

Sugars and amino acids are moved through membrane via protein carriers

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21
Q

Channel mediated

A

Ions and water are moved through membrane via protein channels

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of a solvent through selectively permeable membrane, water moves from a solution with a higher concentration to a solution with lower concentration

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23
Q

Osmolarity

A

Measure of total concentration of solute particles in a solution

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24
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solution with same solute concentration as a cellular fluid

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25
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with higher solute concentration than cellular fluid

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26
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with lower solute concentration than cellular fluid

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27
Q

Cells lose water and shrink if exposed to a

A

Hypertonic solution

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28
Q

Cells gain water and swell if exposed to a

A

Hypotonic solution

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29
Q

Active processes

A

Uses ATP to move substances across membrane

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30
Q

Active transport

A

Both primary and secondary active transport uses solute pumps to move substances against a concentration gradient

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31
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy used to transfer molecules is directly from ATP

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32
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Energy used to transport molecules is from energy stored in ionic gradients created by primary active transport

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33
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Uses membraneous sacs to transport particles, macromolecules, and fluids across the plasma membrane or within the cell

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34
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport into the cell

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35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis in which large, solid materials are brought into the cell

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36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis in which a small volume of extra cellular fluid with dissolved solutes is taken into a cell

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37
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Endocytosis in which specific substances bind to receptor protiens and are ingested

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38
Q

Membraneous sacs in vesicular transport

A

Vesicles

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39
Q

Transcytosis

A

Transport into, across, then out of cell

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40
Q

Vesicular trafficking

A

Transport from one area in the cell to another

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41
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of cell

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42
Q

What does RMP stand for

A

Resting membrane potential

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43
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

A condition in which the inside of the cell membrane is negatively charged compared to the positively charged outside

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44
Q

The RMP ranges from

A

-50 to -100 mV

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45
Q

RMP is mainly determined by what

A

Concentration gradient of potassium

46
Q

RMP is maintained by what

A

Active transport pumps

47
Q

Major positive ion inside cell

48
Q

Major positive ion inside cell

49
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

50
Q

Three major elements of cytoplasm

A

Cytolsol
Organelles
Inclusions

51
Q

Cytolsol

A

Water with solutes (protien, salts, sugars)

52
Q

Organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of cell; specialized function; membraneous or nonmembraneous

53
Q

Inclusions

A

Vary with cell type; eg glycogen granules, pigments

54
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membraneous organelles that produce most of the ATP for a cell via aerobic cellular respiration; contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, can do cell division

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small granules consisting of ribosomal RNA and protien; site of protein synthesis

56
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Extensive system of tubes and membraneous throughout cytosol enclosing fluid filled cavities

57
Q

Fluid filled cavities in ER

58
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes that synthesis all protiens for secretion and all plasma membrane protiens

59
Q

Smooth ER

A

Continuation of rough ER, looping network of tubules; no ribosomes; it’s enzymes function in lipid and steroid synthesis and drug detoxification

60
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Series of membraneous sacs associated with membraneous vesicles

61
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Modify, concentrates, and packages protiens and lipids made at ER

62
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membraneous sacs containing enzymes, detoxifies harmful substances

63
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membraneous sacs containing digestive enzymes, digest warn out organelles, ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

64
Q

Three types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

65
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Series of rods and fibers that run throughout the cytosol, supporting cellular structures and aiding in cell movement

66
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made from protien actin (also called actin filaments)

67
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Tough protien fibers constructed like ropes

68
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes made from tubulins; form centrioles, cilia, and flagella

69
Q

Centerosome

A

A region near the nucleus that functions to organize microtubules and the mitotic spindle

70
Q

Centrioles

A

Small, barrel shaped organelles associated with the centrosome

71
Q

Cilia

A

Whiplike extensions that move substances across body surfaces

72
Q

Flagella

A

Long projections that move whole cells (sperm cell)

73
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like extensions of membrane that increase surface area

74
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, contains DNA

75
Q

Three regions of nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus (ribosome factory)

76
Q

One nucleus

A

Uninucleate

77
Q

Several nuclei

A

Multinucleate

78
Q

Zero nucleus

79
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division producing gametes (sperm cells)

80
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division producing identical daughter cells

81
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed to the time it reproduces

82
Q

Two main periods of the cell cycle

A

Interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitotic phase

83
Q

DNA replication

A

Prior to cell divison the cell makes a copy of DNA. Each DNA molecule is composed of one old and one new strand

84
Q

Cell divison

A

Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

85
Q

Cytokenenscus

A

Division of cytoplasm

86
Q

Master blueprint for the structure of all protiens that the body synthesizes are found on the

87
Q

Segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide chain is called a

88
Q

Protien synthesis occurs in 2 steps

A

Transcription

Translation

89
Q

Transcription

A

DNA information is coded into mRNA (takes place in nucleolus)

90
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is decided to assemble a protien (in cytoplasm)

91
Q

Three major forms of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

92
Q

mRNA

A

Long nucleotide stands that defect the exact nucleotide sequence of DNA, provides a three base sequence that provides the genetic information needed for protien synthesis

93
Q

tRNA

A

Short RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes, contains three based sequence complementary to mRNA

94
Q

rRNA

A

Large and small subunits that combine to form ribosomes

95
Q

In tRNA three based sequence

96
Q

Three based sequence in mRNA

97
Q

Each codon is specific for ___ amino acid

98
Q

Aquaporins (AQPs)

A

Water moves through these channels

99
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The back pressure exerted by water against the membrane

100
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The tendency of the water to move into the cell by osmosis

101
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone if cells by altering the cells internal water volume

102
Q

Solute pumps

A

Move solutes

103
Q

Symport system

A

In secondary active transport the two transported substances move in the same direction

104
Q

Antiport system

A

In secondary active transport the two transported substances move in the opposite direction

105
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell engulfs a large or solid material then digests it

106
Q

All cells are

107
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

A

Embryonic development and wound repair and immunity

108
Q

Ligands

A

Chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors

109
Q

Endomembrane system

A

System of organelles that work together to produce, grade, store, export biological molecules and degrade potentially harmful substances

110
Q

Autolysis

A

When the cell digests itself

111
Q

Chromatin is composed of

A

30% DNA
60% histone proteins
10% RNA

112
Q

How is DNA made

A

Replication bubble forms, the older strand goes with the new and starts creating DNA, leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is in segments

A & P (6 decks)

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