Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards
Electrical energy
From movement of charged particles
Chemical energy
Form stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Mechanical energy
Directly involved in moving matter
Radiant energy
Energy that travels in waves
Planetary model
Simplified model of atomic structure
Isotopes
Same number of protons but differ in number of neutrons
Radioisotopes
Atoms decompose spontaneously into more stave forms
Molecule
A combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Compound
When two or more different kinds of atoms bind
Mixtures
Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
Solutions
Homogenous mixture of components that may be gases, liquids, solids.
Homogenous
Mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout a sample taken from any part of the mixture has the same composition as a sample taken from any other part of the mixture
Solvent
The substance present in the greatest amount
Solutes
Substances present in smaller amounts
Molecule of a element
If two or more atoms of same element combine
Molecule of a compound
If two or more atoms of different elements combine
Chemical bond
An energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms
Ionic bonds
Chemical bonds that form between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to the other
Cation
Atom that lost a electron
Anion
Atom that gained an electron
Covalent bonds
Chemical bonds that form when two or more valence electrons are shared between atoms
Rule of eight
Atoms are stable at eight electrons in their outermost shell
Non polar covalent bonds
Electrons are shared evenly between te atoms
Polar covalent bonds
Electrons are shared unequally
Hydrogen bonds
Weak attractions between the positive pole (hydrogen) of one molecule and the negative pole of another
Chemical reactions
Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
Synthesis reaction
A+b= ab - larger molecules are formed from smaller molecules
Anabolic
Larger molecules are formed from smaller molecules
Decomposition reactions
Ab-> a+b - a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
Catabolic
Molecule is broken down into smaller molecule
Exchange reactions
Ab+c =ac+b - involves both synthesis and decomposition
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Special exchange reactions in which electrons are exchanged between reactants while food fuels are broken down for energy in a decomposition reaction
LEO
Loss of electron is oxidation
GER
Gain of electrons is reduction
Exergonic reaction
Releases energy
Endergonic reaction
Absorbs energy
Inorganic compounds
Do not contain carbon
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Inorganic compounds: water
Most important inorganic molecule in living cells; makes up 60-80 percent of most cells
Inorganic compounds: salts
Ionic compounds containing cations and anions; when dissolved in water they dissociate into ions
Colloid or emulsion
Larger solution particles, doesn’t settle
Suspension
Larger particles and does settle
Acids
Electrolytes; disassociate in water, proton donors (release H+) ph lower than 7
Neutral solutions
Ph =7
Alkaline (bases)
Electrolytes, disassociate in water, proton acceptors (take up H+) ph higher than 7
Buffers
Resist large fluctuations in ph that would be damaging to living tissues
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches, composed of C H and O
Carbohydrates main function in body
Cellular fuel
Three classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (single sugars), disaccharides (double sugars) and polysaccharides (many sugars)
Lipids
Fat, composed of C and H and O sometimes P
Three main lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
Triglycerides lipids
3 fatty acids +1 glycerol = energy storage
Phospholipids
2 fatty acids + phosphorus group + 1 glycerol = makes cell membranes
Steroids (cholesterol)
Cell membranes, hormone synthesis
Proteins
Long chains of amino acids; composed of C,H,O,N,S,P
Protein major function
Main structural material of cells
Main types of protien
Fibrous (structural) globular proteins (functional)
Enzymes
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
Nucleus acid
Largest molecules in body (DNA) (RNA)
DNA stand for
Deoxyribnucleic acid
RNA stand for
Ribonucleic acid
Nucleus acid composed of
C,O,H,N,P
Nucleus acid structural units
Nucleotides (nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group)
ATP
Adenine containing RNA nucleotide, energy currently used by cells
ATP is used in cells to do
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Amino acids
Organic compound
