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A & P > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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1
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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2
Q

Orbital

A

Eye

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3
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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4
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

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5
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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6
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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7
Q

Occipital

A

Back of head

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8
Q

Nuchal

A

Slightly above neck

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9
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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10
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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11
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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12
Q

Scapular

A

Back of shoulder blade

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13
Q

Sternal

A

Between peck muscles

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14
Q

Thoracic

A

Peck area

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15
Q

Mammary

A

Breast bone

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16
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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17
Q

Brachial

A

Bicep

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18
Q

Antecubital

A

Elbow bend

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19
Q

Vertebral

A

Spine

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20
Q

Abdominal

A

Stomach

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21
Q

Umbilical

A

Belly button

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22
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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23
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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24
Q

Palmar

A

Hand palms

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25
Q

Digital

A

Fingers

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26
Q

Pelvic

A

Slightly below stomach

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27
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower mid back

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28
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt

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29
Q

Inguinal

A

Right above pubic

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30
Q

Pubic

A

Penis or vagina

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31
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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32
Q

Patellar

A

Knee cap

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33
Q

Crural

A

Shin

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34
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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35
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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36
Q

Calcaneal

A

Foot heel

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37
Q

Plantar

A

Feet

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38
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A

Upper right, liver, gallbladder

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39
Q

Epigastric region

A

Upper middle, stomach

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40
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Upper left, spleen

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41
Q

Right lumbar region

A

Middle right, accenting colon of large intestine

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42
Q

Umbilical region

A

Middle, small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine

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43
Q

Left lumbar region

A

Middle left, descending colon of large intestine

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44
Q

Right iliac region

A

Lower right, appendix, cecum

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45
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Lower middle, urinary, bladder

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46
Q

Left iliac region

A

Middle left, sigmond colon

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47
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Cavity - pleural

Structure - lungs

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48
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Cavity - pleural

Structure - lungs

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49
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Cavity - Pericardia

Structure - Great vessels, diaphragm

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50
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Cavity - Pericardia

Structure - diaphragm, great vessels

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51
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Cavity - peritenial

Structure - diaphragm, abdominal

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52
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Cavity - peritenial

Structure - diaphragm, organs

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53
Q

Frontal plane

A

Cut in half vertically showing front and back of body

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54
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Body cut in half vertically showing left and right side of body

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55
Q

Transverse plane

A

Citing horizontally showing upper and lower part of body

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56
Q

Oblique plane

A

Cut anyway that’s not a frontal, Sagittital, or transverse

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57
Q

Integumentary system organs

A

Skin

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58
Q

Skeletal system organs

A

Bones, joints

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59
Q

Muscular system organs

A

Muscles

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60
Q

Nervous system organs

A

Brain, spinal cord

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61
Q

Cardiovascular system organs

A

Blood vessels, heart

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62
Q

Lymphatic system organs

A

Thymus, spleen

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63
Q

Respiratory system organs

A

Larynx, lungs

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64
Q

Digestive system organs

A

Esophagus, intestines, pancreas, stomach, liver, gallbladder

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65
Q

Urinary system organs

A

Kidney, bladder

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66
Q

Endocrine system organs

A

Thyroid, pancreas, thymus, adrenal gland

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67
Q

Reproductive system organs

A

Tested, ovaries

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68
Q

Define anatomy

A

Te study if body structures and their relationships

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69
Q

Define physiology

A

The science of how body parts function

70
Q

Define gross or microscopic Anatomy

A

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

71
Q

Define regional anatomy

A

All the structures in a particular region of the body are studied at the same time

72
Q

Define systemic anatomy

A

Body structure is studied system by system

73
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface

74
Q

Define Microscopic anatomy

A

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

75
Q

Define Cytology

A

The cells of the body

76
Q

Define histology

A

The study of tissues

77
Q

Define Developmental anatomy

A

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

78
Q

Define Embryology

A

Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

79
Q

Define pathological anatomy

A

Studies structural changes caused by disease

80
Q

Define radiological anatomy

A

Studies internal structures as visualized by x-rays images or specialized scanning procedures

81
Q

Define palpation

A

Feeling organs with your hands

82
Q

Define Auscultation

A

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

83
Q

Define renal psychology

A

Kidney function and ursine production

84
Q

Define Neurophysiology

A

The workings of the nervous system

85
Q

Define cardiovascular physiology

A

Examines the operations of the heart and blood vessels

86
Q

Physiology often focuses on what level(s)

A

Cellular and molecular levels

87
Q

Define principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

What a structure can do depends on it’s specific form

88
Q

Define chemical level

A

Simplest level of structural organization, atoms form to create molecules

89
Q

Cellular level

A

Cells, smallest units of living things

90
Q

Tissue level

A

Group of similar cells form tissues, the cells have a common function

91
Q

Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

92
Q

Organ level

A

Extremely complex functions become possible

93
Q

Define organ

A

Discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types

94
Q

Organ system level

A

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up a organ system

95
Q

Define organism

A

The living human being

96
Q

Organismal level

A

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

97
Q

Define the body maintaining it’s boundaries

A

So that it’s internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

98
Q

Define movement

A

Activities promoted by the muscular system

99
Q

Define responsiveness

A

The ability to sense changes in the environment And then respond to them

100
Q

Define contractility

A

Muscle cells ability to move by shortening

101
Q

Define digestion

A

Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

102
Q

Define metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur within body cells

103
Q

Define catabolism

A

Breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks

104
Q

Define anabolism

A

Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

105
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP

106
Q

Metabolism depends on what 3 systems

A

Digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular

107
Q

What does the integumentary system do

A

Forms the external body covering, and protects deport tissue from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses pain/pressure receptors and sweat and oil glands

108
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals

109
Q

What does the muscular system do

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat

110
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

111
Q

What does the Endocrine system do

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

112
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ect. The heart pumps blood

113
Q

What does the lymphatic system/immunity do

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

114
Q

What does the respiratory system do

A

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

115
Q

What does the digestive system do

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

116
Q

What does the urinary system do

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood

117
Q

What do the reproductive organs do

A

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone, and make ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to te female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn

118
Q

Define excretion

A

Process of removing wastes from the body

119
Q

Define reproduction

A

The original cell divides and creates 2 identical daughters, human way is yeah..

120
Q

Define growth

A

Increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

121
Q

Define Nutrients

A

Contains the chemical substances used for energy and cell building

122
Q

Define water survival need

A

Accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body

123
Q

Survival needs: appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body

124
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain realitively stable internal body conditions

125
Q

What is a receptor

A

Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes

126
Q

What is the control center

A

Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

127
Q

What is a effector

A

Provides the means for the controls centers response to the stimulus

128
Q

What are most homeostatic control mechanisms

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

129
Q

Define a negative feedback mechanism

A

The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus Or reduces it’s intensity

130
Q

Define positive feedback mechanisms

A

The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

131
Q

Two examples of positive feedback mechanisms

A

Labor contractions, blood clotting

132
Q

Define anatomical position

A

Body is erect, facing foreword, feet slightly apart, palms facing foreword

133
Q

Define directional terms

A

Allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

134
Q

Define axial part

A

Makes up the main axis of our body, head, neck, and trunk

135
Q

Define the appendicular part

A

The appendages, limbs

136
Q

Define regional terms

A

Used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions

137
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head end

138
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head end

139
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

Toward or at the front of the body

140
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward or at the back of the body

141
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body

142
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

143
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

144
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

145
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

146
Q

Superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

147
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from the body surface

148
Q

Oblique sections

A

Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes

149
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Protects the fragile nervous system organs; 2 subdivisions, cranial cavity and spinal cavity

150
Q

Define cranial cavity

A

Encases the skull and brain

151
Q

Spinal cavity encloses

A

Encloses spinal cord

152
Q

Define ventral cavity

A

Cavity is anterior to the dorsal cavity and contains integral organs

153
Q

Define thoracic cavity

A

Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

154
Q

Define pleural cavity

A

Each enveloping a lung and mediastinum

155
Q

What does the mediastinum contain

A

The pericardial cavity

156
Q

Define pericardial cavity

A

Contains the heart it also surrounds esophagus, trachea, and others

157
Q

Define diaphragm

A

Done shaped muscle important for breathing, under the lungs

158
Q

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity

A

From diaphragm to below hips

159
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain

A

Stomach, intestine, spleen, liver

160
Q

Define pelvic cavity

A

Lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

161
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum

A

Triangle above hear on diagram

162
Q

Where is the pleural cavity

A

Part of a lung in the diagram

163
Q

Define serous membrane

A

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double layer membrane

164
Q

Parietal serosa

A

Membrane lining the cavity walls

165
Q

Define visceral serosa

A

Covering the organs in the cavity

166
Q

Define serous fluid

A

Thin layer of lubricated fluid that separates the serous membranes

167
Q

Name the 4 abdominopelvic regions and quadrants

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

168
Q

Define oral and digestive cavities

A

The mouth, part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs.

169
Q

Define nasal cavity

A

Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways

170
Q

Define Orbital cavities

A

In the skull house eyes and present them in an anterior position

171
Q

Define middle ear cavities

A

Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the heading receptors in the inner ears

172
Q

Define synovial cavities

A

Joint cavities, enclosed in fiber pus capsules that surround freely moving joints of the body (such as elbows and knees)

173
Q

Homeostatic imbalance

A

Any disturbance of homeostasis, often results in diesease

A & P (6 decks)

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