Chapter 1 Flashcards
Frontal
Forehead
Cephalic
Head
Orbital
Eye
Nasal
Nose
Buccal
Cheek
Otic
Ear
Oral
Mouth
Occipital
Back of head
Nuchal
Slightly above neck
Mental
Chin
Cervical
Neck
Acromial
Shoulder
Scapular
Back of shoulder blade
Sternal
Between peck muscles
Thoracic
Peck area
Mammary
Breast bone
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Bicep
Antecubital
Elbow bend
Vertebral
Spine
Abdominal
Stomach
Umbilical
Belly button
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Palmar
Hand palms
Digital
Fingers
Pelvic
Slightly below stomach
Lumbar
Lower mid back
Gluteal
Butt
Inguinal
Right above pubic
Pubic
Penis or vagina
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Knee cap
Crural
Shin
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Ankle
Calcaneal
Foot heel
Plantar
Feet
Right hypochondriac region
Upper right, liver, gallbladder
Epigastric region
Upper middle, stomach
Left hypochondriac region
Upper left, spleen
Right lumbar region
Middle right, accenting colon of large intestine
Umbilical region
Middle, small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
Left lumbar region
Middle left, descending colon of large intestine
Right iliac region
Lower right, appendix, cecum
Hypogastric region
Lower middle, urinary, bladder
Left iliac region
Middle left, sigmond colon
Parietal pleura
Cavity - pleural
Structure - lungs
Visceral pleura
Cavity - pleural
Structure - lungs
Parietal pericardium
Cavity - Pericardia
Structure - Great vessels, diaphragm
Visceral pericardium
Cavity - Pericardia
Structure - diaphragm, great vessels
Parietal peritoneum
Cavity - peritenial
Structure - diaphragm, abdominal
Visceral peritoneum
Cavity - peritenial
Structure - diaphragm, organs
Frontal plane
Cut in half vertically showing front and back of body
Midsagittal plane
Body cut in half vertically showing left and right side of body
Transverse plane
Citing horizontally showing upper and lower part of body
Oblique plane
Cut anyway that’s not a frontal, Sagittital, or transverse
Integumentary system organs
Skin
Skeletal system organs
Bones, joints
Muscular system organs
Muscles
Nervous system organs
Brain, spinal cord
Cardiovascular system organs
Blood vessels, heart
Lymphatic system organs
Thymus, spleen
Respiratory system organs
Larynx, lungs
Digestive system organs
Esophagus, intestines, pancreas, stomach, liver, gallbladder
Urinary system organs
Kidney, bladder
Endocrine system organs
Thyroid, pancreas, thymus, adrenal gland
Reproductive system organs
Tested, ovaries
Define anatomy
Te study if body structures and their relationships
Define physiology
The science of how body parts function
Define gross or microscopic Anatomy
Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Define regional anatomy
All the structures in a particular region of the body are studied at the same time
Define systemic anatomy
Body structure is studied system by system
Surface anatomy
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin surface
Define Microscopic anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Define Cytology
The cells of the body
Define histology
The study of tissues
Define Developmental anatomy
Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
Define Embryology
Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Define pathological anatomy
Studies structural changes caused by disease
Define radiological anatomy
Studies internal structures as visualized by x-rays images or specialized scanning procedures
Define palpation
Feeling organs with your hands
Define Auscultation
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
Define renal psychology
Kidney function and ursine production
Define Neurophysiology
The workings of the nervous system
Define cardiovascular physiology
Examines the operations of the heart and blood vessels
Physiology often focuses on what level(s)
Cellular and molecular levels
Define principle of complementarity of structure and function
What a structure can do depends on it’s specific form
Define chemical level
Simplest level of structural organization, atoms form to create molecules
Cellular level
Cells, smallest units of living things
Tissue level
Group of similar cells form tissues, the cells have a common function
Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
Organ level
Extremely complex functions become possible
Define organ
Discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types
Organ system level
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up a organ system
Define organism
The living human being
Organismal level
Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Define the body maintaining it’s boundaries
So that it’s internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it
Define movement
Activities promoted by the muscular system
Define responsiveness
The ability to sense changes in the environment And then respond to them
Define contractility
Muscle cells ability to move by shortening
Define digestion
Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Define metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Define catabolism
Breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
Define anabolism
Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
Cellular respiration
Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP
Metabolism depends on what 3 systems
Digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular
What does the integumentary system do
Forms the external body covering, and protects deport tissue from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses pain/pressure receptors and sweat and oil glands
What does the skeletal system do
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals
What does the muscular system do
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat
What does the nervous system do
as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
What does the Endocrine system do
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
What does the cardiovascular system do
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ect. The heart pumps blood
What does the lymphatic system/immunity do
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
What does the respiratory system do
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
What does the digestive system do
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
What does the urinary system do
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood
What do the reproductive organs do
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone, and make ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to te female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
Define excretion
Process of removing wastes from the body
Define reproduction
The original cell divides and creates 2 identical daughters, human way is yeah..
Define growth
Increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
Define Nutrients
Contains the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Define water survival need
Accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body
Survival needs: appropriate atmospheric pressure
The force that air exerts on the surface of the body
Define homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain realitively stable internal body conditions
What is a receptor
Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes
What is the control center
Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained
What is a effector
Provides the means for the controls centers response to the stimulus
What are most homeostatic control mechanisms
Negative feedback mechanisms
Define a negative feedback mechanism
The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus Or reduces it’s intensity
Define positive feedback mechanisms
The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
Two examples of positive feedback mechanisms
Labor contractions, blood clotting
Define anatomical position
Body is erect, facing foreword, feet slightly apart, palms facing foreword
Define directional terms
Allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
Define axial part
Makes up the main axis of our body, head, neck, and trunk
Define the appendicular part
The appendages, limbs
Define regional terms
Used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions
Superior
Toward the head end
Inferior
Away from the head end
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface
Oblique sections
Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
Dorsal body cavity
Protects the fragile nervous system organs; 2 subdivisions, cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Define cranial cavity
Encases the skull and brain
Spinal cavity encloses
Encloses spinal cord
Define ventral cavity
Cavity is anterior to the dorsal cavity and contains integral organs
Define thoracic cavity
Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Define pleural cavity
Each enveloping a lung and mediastinum
What does the mediastinum contain
The pericardial cavity
Define pericardial cavity
Contains the heart it also surrounds esophagus, trachea, and others
Define diaphragm
Done shaped muscle important for breathing, under the lungs
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity
From diaphragm to below hips
What does the abdominal cavity contain
Stomach, intestine, spleen, liver
Define pelvic cavity
Lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
Where is the superior mediastinum
Triangle above hear on diagram
Where is the pleural cavity
Part of a lung in the diagram
Define serous membrane
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double layer membrane
Parietal serosa
Membrane lining the cavity walls
Define visceral serosa
Covering the organs in the cavity
Define serous fluid
Thin layer of lubricated fluid that separates the serous membranes
Name the 4 abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Define oral and digestive cavities
The mouth, part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs.
Define nasal cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways
Define Orbital cavities
In the skull house eyes and present them in an anterior position
Define middle ear cavities
Contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the heading receptors in the inner ears
Define synovial cavities
Joint cavities, enclosed in fiber pus capsules that surround freely moving joints of the body (such as elbows and knees)
Homeostatic imbalance
Any disturbance of homeostasis, often results in diesease
