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Plant Biology > Chapter 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living organisms composed of cells and cells form unifying structural basis of organization.

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2
Q

Cells with NO nucleus.

A

Prokaryotic (bacteria)

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3
Q

Cells with a nucleus.

A

Eukaryotic (plants and animals)

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4
Q

Rigid boundary of cell

A

Cell wall

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5
Q

Protoplasm

A

All living components of a cell.

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All cellular components between plasma membrane and the nucleus.

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

Made up of cellulose (long chains of glucose), hemicellulose (holds cellulose fibers together), pectin (gives stiffness like in jelly), and glycoproteins(proteins with associated sugars).

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8
Q

Production of cell walls stages…

A

Middle lamella produced (comprised of mostly pectin), primary walls, and secondary walls (thickening of lignin).

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9
Q

What are the parts of a nucleus?

A

Nucleoli (RNA and associated proteins), nuclear envelope, chromatin

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

enclosed space consisting of network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels throughout cytoplasm. Helps cellular communication.

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11
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes on outer surface of ER

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12
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes :( and associated with lipid secretion.

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Two subunits composed of RNA and proteins. Link amino acids to construct complex proteins

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14
Q

Dictyosomes

A

Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles - Golgi bodies - that change carbs on proteins. Assemble polysaccharides and collect.

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Bound by double membrane; contains chlorophyll and encodes for production of certain proteins involved with photosynthesis.

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16
Q

Chromoplast

A

synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red that pigment ripe fruits or roots).

17
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Colorless, may synthesize starches or oils

18
Q

Mitochondria

A

Release energy produced from cellular respiration.

19
Q

Vacuoles

A

Often take up 90% of cell body; maintain cell pressure and PH and sometimes collect and recycle cell waste.

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

involved in movement in a cell of microtubules (control addition of cellulose to cell wall) and microfilaments (plays a role in cytoplasmic streaming, the movement of organelles within cell wall).

21
Q

What is interphase?

A

A period in the cell cycle in which the cell is not splitting. Longest part of cell cycle.

22
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division and production of new “daughter cells” (DNA is major role)

23
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The dividing of the rest of the cell once mitosis is done.

24
Q

First phase of mitosis: chromosomes become shorter and thicker; nuclear envelope dissociates and nucleoli disentigrate.

A

Prophase

25
Q

Second phase of mitosis: alignment of the chromosomes.

A

Metaphase

26
Q

Third phase of mitosis: shortest phase; chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

27
Q

Fourth phase of mitosis: they are separate; nuclear envelope forms; nucleoli reappear. Two new daughter cells.

A

Telophase

28
Q

Phases of interphase.

A
  1. G1 (Cell increases size) 2. S (DNA replication takes place) 3. G2 (Mitochondria and other organelles divide; microtubules produced)
29
Q

Aspects of higher plant cells.

A

cell walls, cell plates and plasmodesmata, and plastids and vacuoles.

30
Q

Aspects of animal cells.

A

No cell walls (skeletons), cell membrane, no cell plate or plasmodesmata, centrioles present during cell division, and no plastids or vacuoles.

31
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings (“bridges” that connect cells).

32
Q

Polyribosomes

A

Cluster of ribosomes that are linked by a molecule of RNA

33
Q

Endomembrane system.

A

A system designed to create, modify, and transport cell products like lipids and proteins.

34
Q

What does the endomembrane system involve?

A

The rough ER, the smooth ER, and the golgi

35
Q

Found in Leucoplasts and synthesize starches.

A

Amyloplasts

36
Q

In leucoplasts and synthesize oils.

A

Elaioplasts

Plant Biology (13 decks)

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