Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards
What is cell theory?
All living organisms composed of cells and cells form unifying structural basis of organization.
Cells with NO nucleus.
Prokaryotic (bacteria)
Cells with a nucleus.
Eukaryotic (plants and animals)
Rigid boundary of cell
Cell wall
Protoplasm
All living components of a cell.
Cytoplasm
All cellular components between plasma membrane and the nucleus.
Cell wall
Made up of cellulose (long chains of glucose), hemicellulose (holds cellulose fibers together), pectin (gives stiffness like in jelly), and glycoproteins(proteins with associated sugars).
Production of cell walls stages…
Middle lamella produced (comprised of mostly pectin), primary walls, and secondary walls (thickening of lignin).
What are the parts of a nucleus?
Nucleoli (RNA and associated proteins), nuclear envelope, chromatin
Endoplasmic reticulum
enclosed space consisting of network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels throughout cytoplasm. Helps cellular communication.
Rough ER
Ribosomes on outer surface of ER
Smooth ER
No ribosomes :( and associated with lipid secretion.
Ribosomes
Two subunits composed of RNA and proteins. Link amino acids to construct complex proteins
Dictyosomes
Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles - Golgi bodies - that change carbs on proteins. Assemble polysaccharides and collect.
Chloroplasts
Bound by double membrane; contains chlorophyll and encodes for production of certain proteins involved with photosynthesis.
Chromoplast
synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red that pigment ripe fruits or roots).
Leucoplasts
Colorless, may synthesize starches or oils
Mitochondria
Release energy produced from cellular respiration.
Vacuoles
Often take up 90% of cell body; maintain cell pressure and PH and sometimes collect and recycle cell waste.
Cytoskeleton
involved in movement in a cell of microtubules (control addition of cellulose to cell wall) and microfilaments (plays a role in cytoplasmic streaming, the movement of organelles within cell wall).
What is interphase?
A period in the cell cycle in which the cell is not splitting. Longest part of cell cycle.
What is mitosis?
The division and production of new “daughter cells” (DNA is major role)
What is cytokinesis?
The dividing of the rest of the cell once mitosis is done.
First phase of mitosis: chromosomes become shorter and thicker; nuclear envelope dissociates and nucleoli disentigrate.
Prophase
Second phase of mitosis: alignment of the chromosomes.
Metaphase
Third phase of mitosis: shortest phase; chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Anaphase
Fourth phase of mitosis: they are separate; nuclear envelope forms; nucleoli reappear. Two new daughter cells.
Telophase
Phases of interphase.
- G1 (Cell increases size) 2. S (DNA replication takes place) 3. G2 (Mitochondria and other organelles divide; microtubules produced)
Aspects of higher plant cells.
cell walls, cell plates and plasmodesmata, and plastids and vacuoles.
Aspects of animal cells.
No cell walls (skeletons), cell membrane, no cell plate or plasmodesmata, centrioles present during cell division, and no plastids or vacuoles.
Plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings (“bridges” that connect cells).
Polyribosomes
Cluster of ribosomes that are linked by a molecule of RNA
Endomembrane system.
A system designed to create, modify, and transport cell products like lipids and proteins.
What does the endomembrane system involve?
The rough ER, the smooth ER, and the golgi
Found in Leucoplasts and synthesize starches.
Amyloplasts
In leucoplasts and synthesize oils.
Elaioplasts
