Chapter 2: The Nature of Life

Question 1

What are the attributes of life (first part)?

Answer 1

Composition and structure (cells), growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Question 2

What are the attributes of life (second part)?

Answer 2

metabolism, movement, organization, and adaptation.

Question 3

Structural units of organisms

Answer 3

Cells

Question 4

Interior cell matrix

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Houses genetic materials (DNA) suspended in cytoplasm.

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

Bounds cytoplasm

Answer 6

Cell wall

Question 7

What defines matter?

Answer 7

Three states: solid, liquid, gas; occupies space; has mass

Question 8

What is metabolism?

Answer 8

Collective product of all biochemical reactions in an organism. Including Respiration, Photosynthesis, Digestion, and Assimilation (conversion of raw materials into cell substances.

Question 9

What are atoms made up of?

Answer 9

Nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons (around atom)

Question 10

What are protons?

Answer 10

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 11

What are neutrons?

Answer 11

Neutral particles.

Question 12

What are electrons?

Answer 12

Negatively charged particles circling the nucleus of an atom.

Question 13

Volume of space a given electron occurs 90% of the time.

Answer 13

Orbital

Question 14

What is electronic configuration?

Answer 14

electrons arranged in electron shells corresponding to different energy levels.

Question 15

What are electron orbitals?

Answer 15

The position of the electron in relation to the energy that it uses.

Question 16

How many orbitals do S orbitals hold?

Answer 16

2

Question 17

How many orbitals do P orbitals hold?

Answer 17

6

Question 18

Form of element that varies in number of neutrons and atomic weight.

Answer 18

Isotope

Question 19

Radioactive isotopes are…

Answer 19

Unstable and spontaneously split into separate particles causing big release of energy.

Question 20

Two or more elements united in a definite ratio by chemical bonds.

Answer 20

Compound

Question 21

Two or more atoms bound together…

Answer 21

Molecule

Question 22

What is a catalyst?

Answer 22

An enzyme that speeds up a reaction between molecules.

Question 23

Polar

Answer 23

Electrons shared equally

Question 24

Nonpolar

Answer 24

Electrons shared unequally (like water)

Question 25

Formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Answer 25

Ion

Question 26

Ionic bond

Answer 26

electrons in outermost shell (valence electrons) removed from one atom and transferred to another. Formed when oppositely charged ions come into contact.

Question 27

What are the four macromolecules?

Answer 27

Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acid, and nucleic acids.

Question 28

What are the secondary metabolites?

Answer 28

Phytoalexin, alkaloid, terpenoids, and flavenoids

Question 29

What are phytoalexins?

Answer 29

Secondary metabolites produced by plants when under stress to defend itself (ex. the plant is cut, it then produces phytoalexins to kill intruders)

Question 30

What are alkaloids?

Answer 30

Carbon ring attached to Nitrogen ring. Defends the plant from herbivores and pathogens (coffee, tea, and cocoa plants produce caffine).

Question 31

What are terpenoids?

Answer 31

Isoprene. Used in essential oils (Pacific Yew).

Question 32

What are flavenoids?

Answer 32

Phenolic. Important in plant development in lignin and pigment.

Question 33

Phytoalexins go to...

Answer 33

Terpenoids, alkaloids, and glyco steroids.

Question 34

Alkaloids go to...

Answer 34

Morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine.

Question 35

Terpenoids go to...

Answer 35

Essential oils, menthol, menthone, taxol (pacific yew), and latex

Question 36

Phenolics go to...

Answer 36

Flavenoids (anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols), tannins, lignins, and salicylic acid

Question 37

What are the stages of protein folding?

Answer 37

Primary (amino acid sequence held together by peptide bonds), secondary (protein begins to fold up), tertiary (protein folded into 3D structure), and quarternary (single peptides bond to other peptides).