Chapter 2: The Nature of Life Flashcards
What are the attributes of life (first part)?
Composition and structure (cells), growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.
What are the attributes of life (second part)?
metabolism, movement, organization, and adaptation.
Structural units of organisms
Cells
Interior cell matrix
Cytoplasm
Houses genetic materials (DNA) suspended in cytoplasm.
Nucleus
Bounds cytoplasm
Cell wall
What defines matter?
Three states: solid, liquid, gas; occupies space; has mass
What is metabolism?
Collective product of all biochemical reactions in an organism. Including Respiration, Photosynthesis, Digestion, and Assimilation (conversion of raw materials into cell substances.
What are atoms made up of?
Nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons (around atom)
What are protons?
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
What are neutrons?
Neutral particles.
What are electrons?
Negatively charged particles circling the nucleus of an atom.
Volume of space a given electron occurs 90% of the time.
Orbital
What is electronic configuration?
electrons arranged in electron shells corresponding to different energy levels.
What are electron orbitals?
The position of the electron in relation to the energy that it uses.
How many orbitals do S orbitals hold?
2
How many orbitals do P orbitals hold?
6
Form of element that varies in number of neutrons and atomic weight.
Isotope
Radioactive isotopes are…
Unstable and spontaneously split into separate particles causing big release of energy.
Two or more elements united in a definite ratio by chemical bonds.
Compound
Two or more atoms bound together…
Molecule
What is a catalyst?
An enzyme that speeds up a reaction between molecules.
Polar
Electrons shared equally
Nonpolar
Electrons shared unequally (like water)
Formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.
Ion
Ionic bond
electrons in outermost shell (valence electrons) removed from one atom and transferred to another. Formed when oppositely charged ions come into contact.
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, amino acid, and nucleic acids.
What are the secondary metabolites?
Phytoalexin, alkaloid, terpenoids, and flavenoids
What are phytoalexins?
Secondary metabolites produced by plants when under stress to defend itself (ex. the plant is cut, it then produces phytoalexins to kill intruders)
What are alkaloids?
Carbon ring attached to Nitrogen ring. Defends the plant from herbivores and pathogens (coffee, tea, and cocoa plants produce caffine).
What are terpenoids?
Isoprene. Used in essential oils (Pacific Yew).
What are flavenoids?
Phenolic. Important in plant development in lignin and pigment.
Phytoalexins go to…
Terpenoids, alkaloids, and glyco steroids.
Alkaloids go to…
Morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine.
Terpenoids go to…
Essential oils, menthol, menthone, taxol (pacific yew), and latex
Phenolics go to…
Flavenoids (anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols), tannins, lignins, and salicylic acid
What are the stages of protein folding?
Primary (amino acid sequence held together by peptide bonds), secondary (protein begins to fold up), tertiary (protein folded into 3D structure), and quarternary (single peptides bond to other peptides).
