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Chapter 1 Vocab > Chapter 3 - Cardiorespiratory system > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cardiorespiratory system Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart, blood & blood vessels.

Transport blood from the heart to the tissues.

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1
Q

Cardiorespiratory system

A

Composed of the cardiovascular and the respiratory systems.

Work together to provide body with adequate oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products (CO2)

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2
Q

Respiratory system

A

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs (air ways & respiratory muscles)

“Pulmonary system”
Ensures proper cellular function
Brings oxygen into the lungs and remove carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside air.

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3
Q

The heart

A

A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by rhythmic contractions.
In the center of the chest (thoracic cavity) and anteriorly (in front) of the spine and posteriorly the sternum.
Contained in the mediastinum
Weights approx. size of adult fist or 300g/10 oz
Typical resting HR 70-80bpm

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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest expect the lungs.
Heart is contained here. Lungs on either side

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

One of 3 major types of muscle
Cardiac muscle cells contain myofibrils and sacromeres aligned side by side. (Striated appearance)
Involuntary muscle - not consciously controlled

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers

A

Shorter and more tightly connected than skeletal muscle.
Irregularly spaced dark bands between cardiac cells called intercalated discs.
Heart has it’s own built in conduction system that sends an electrical impulse signal rapidly throughout all cardiac cells.
Typical resting HR is 70-80bpm

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7
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Irregularly spaced dark bands between cardiac cells.
Helps hold muscle cells together during contraction and creates an electrical connection between the cells that allows the heart to contract as one functional unit

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8
Q

Electrical conduction system

A

Consists of specialized cells that allow an electrical signal to be transmitted from the SA Node through both atria and down into the ventricles.
• what stimulated the mechanical myocardial cells to contract in a regular rhythmic pattern
The internodal pathways transfer the impulse from the SA Node to the AV Node. The AV Node delays the impulse before it can move on to the ventricles. The AV bundle conducts the impulse to the ventricles for contraction via the left and right bundle branches of the Purkinje fibers

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9
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate.
“Pacemaker”

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10
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the Sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles.

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11
Q

Atrium/Atria

A

The superior (upper) chamber of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart from the veins (like a reservoir) and forces it into the ventricles.

The right atrium gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the entire body and the left atrium gathers oxygenated blood coming to the heart from the lungs.

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12
Q

Ventricle(s)

A

The inferior (on bottom) chamber of the heart that receives blood from it’s corresponding atrium and in turn, forces blood into the arteries.

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13
Q

Pulmonic side

A

Right side of the heart b/c it receives blood from the body that is low in O2 and high in CO2 (deoxygenated) and pumps it to the lungs then back to the left atria.

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14
Q

Systematic side

A

Left side of the heart b/c it pumps blood high in O2 and low in CO2 (oxygenated) to the rest of the body

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15
Q

Right ventricle

A

Thin walls
Pumps under low pressure b/c it only has to pump a short distance (lungs)
Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium then pumps it to the lungs to be saturated with incoming oxygen.

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16
Q

Left ventricle

A

Thicker walls
Pumps under high pressure b/c has to travel to rest of body
Receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the entire body.

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17
Q

Structures of the heart

A 
4 hollow chambers
2 atria (on top)
2 ventricles (on bottom) 
Two interdependent, but seperate pumps on either side. 
Separated by interatrial septum & interventricular septum. 
Each chamber separated from one another via valves to prevent back flow and spillage of blood back into the chambers - atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves.
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18
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

SV is the DIFFERENCE between the ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the end-systolic volume (ESV)

EX:
EDV = 120ML ESV = 50ML
so SV = 70ML

19
Q

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

The filled volume of the ventricle BEFORE contraction

“D” comes before “S” = BEFORE

20
Q

End-systolic volume (ESV)

A

The residual volume of blood remaining in the ventricle AFTER contraction

21
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

The rate at which the hear pumps/beats.

Average resting HR adult = 70-80bpm

22
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (ML blood/min)

(How many times the heart beats per minute and how much blood is being pumped out with each beat)

The overall performance of the heart.

Heart rate X stroke volume

Ex:
resting HR = 70bmp, resting SV = 70ml/beat: 70x70 = 4,900ML/min or 4.9L/min

23
Q

Blood

A

Life-sustaining flood that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins and carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body.

Gets ride of waste products
Thicker and heavier than water
8% of body weight
Avg. person holds b/w 4-6 L

Blood = cells suspended in plasma (also contains nutrients and clotting agents) 
Plasma = 55% volume of blood 
45% = red, white & platelets

Red & white cells & platelets

Provides transportation, regulation and protection.

24
Q

Transportation of blood

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Transports (removes) waste products from tissues
Transports hormones to organs and tissues carries heat throughout the body

25
Q

Regulation of blood

A

Regulates body temp. And acid balance (PH levels) in the body
Maintains water content of body cells

26
Q

Protection of blood

A

Protects the body from excessive bleeding by clotting

Specialized immune cells to help fight disease and sickness/foreign toxins

27
Q

Blood vessels

A

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body (to and from the heart)

3 types:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

28
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart.

29
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body.
Carries blood away from the heart. Become medium sized arteries. That further divide into smaller arteries called ARTERIOLES and branch into microscopic vessels called CAPILLARIES. Which connects venules with arterioles.

30
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels.
Site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and tissues.
Where substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products are exchanged between tissues.

31
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.

32
Q

Venules

A

The very small veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins.
Collect blood from capillaries.
Venules progressively merge with other venules to form veins.
Veins then transport all of the blood from the body back to the heart.

33
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Bones and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanisms to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.

Move air in and out of body

34
Q

Breathing/ventilation

A

The process of moving air in and out of the body and requires optimal functioning of the respiratory pump.
Helps regulate blood flow back to the heart.

Divided into:
Inspiration
Expiration

35
Q

Inspiration

A

(Inhalation)
Active
The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body

Occurs in 2 forms:
Normal resting state - primary muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals)
Heavy/deep breathing - additional use or secondary muscles (scalenes, pectoralis minor)

Intrathoracic pressure decreases causing a drop in pressed in the right atrium, and helps improve blood flow back to the heart.

36
Q

Expiration

A

(Exhalation)
Active and passive

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.

During normal breathing = passive b/c relation or the contracting inspiratory muscles
During heavy/forces breathing = ventilation relies on the activity of the exploratory muscles to compress the thoracic cavity and force air out

37
Q

Respiratory airways

A

Passage ways to funnel air in and out of the lunges

  • conducting airways
  • respiratory airways
38
Q

Conducting airways

A

Consists of all the structures that air travels through before entering the respiratory airways.
Allow incoming air to be purified, humidified, and warmed or cooled to match the body temp.

The nasal and oral cavities, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchioles

39
Q

Respiratory airways

A

Collect the channeled air coming from the conducting airways.

At the end of the bronchioles sit the alveoli which are made up of alveolar sacs.
In these sacs, gases like oxygen, & carbon dioxide are transported in and out of the blood stream through diffusion.

40
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues in the body

41
Q

Oxygen uptake

A

(Oxygen consumption)
The use of oxygen by the body.

Resting oxygen uptake (VO2) is approx. 3.5mL of oxygen/kilogram of body weight/minute
Typically termed “1 MET” or 1 metabolic equivalent
Calculated as:
VO2 = Q X a - V O 2 difference

42
Q

Fick equation

A

The equation for oxygen consumption

43
Q

Maximal oxygen consumption

A

(VO2 max)
The highest rate or oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion.
VO2 max values range b/w 40-80ML or approx 11-23 METS

Resting VO2 (oxygen uptake) is 3.5 ML of oxygen per KG of bodyweight per minute.

Directly measure ventilation, oxygen consumption and CO2 production during maximal exercise rest.
Rock port walk rest
Step rest
YMCA bike protocol tests

44
Q

Abnormal breathing patterns

A

Breathing patterned become more shallow, uses secondary respiratory muscles, lightheadedness, dizziness, fatigue, excessive breathing, poor sleep, short breaths can lead to altered oxygen and carbon dioxide blood content = anxiety
inadequate joint motion
Refer to medical professional

Chapter 1 Vocab (9 decks)

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