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Exercise Physiology Exam #1 > Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

  • anabolic reactions (synthesis of molecules)
  • catabolic reactions (breakdown of molecules)
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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into energy. (Back up source of energy)

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3
Q

Cell Membrane ( sacrolemma)

A

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment.

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

fluid portion of the cell

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6
Q

Organelles

A

mitochondria (power house) most of the ATP is made here

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7
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

chemical reaction that requires energy to be added

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8
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

chemical reaction that releases energy –> ATP - heat –

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9
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

chemical reaction that liberates energy in an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

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10
Q

Oxidation

A

Removing an electron

ex. NADH -> NAD

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11
Q

Reduction

A

addition of an electron

ex. NAD -> NADH

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12
Q

Oxidation - Reduction Reactions

A

Oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions.

  • often involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons. (hydrogen contains one electron)
  • a molecule that loses a hydrogen also loses and electron and therefore is oxidized.
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13
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A

oxidized form NAD+
-reduced form NADH
(plays an important role in transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions in the cell.) also important for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.

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14
Q

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

A

oxidized form FAD
-Reduceed form FADH2
(plays an important role in transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions in the cell.) also important for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions. (lower the energy of activation)
-factors that regulate this activity (temp, substrate concentration, pH, product inhibition, cofactors)

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16
Q

Factors that alter enzyme activity

A

temperature (small rise in body temp increases enzyme activity; exercise results in increased body temp)
pH (change in pH alters enzyme activity - narrow range; lactic acid produced during exercise)

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17
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
-glucose breakdown (glycolysis)
-glycogen (multitude of glucose molecules linked)
storage form of glucose in liver and muscle

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18
Q

Fats

A

Fatty acids have an even number of carbons (e.g. 16) {the primary type of fat used by the muscle}

  • Triglycerides (storage from of fat in muscle and adipose tissue)
  • Phospholipids (not used as an energy source - in membrane- signals)
  • Steroids (derived from cholesterol ; needed to synthesize sex hormones and glucocorticoids.
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19
Q

Protein

A

Building blocks of our bodies as structural units; however not a a primary energy source during exercise.

  • composed of amino acids (about 20)
  • some can be converted to glucose in the liver
  • others can be converted to metabolic intermediates
  • is not a primary energy source during exercise. (usually less than 2% of proper nutrition)
20
Q

Kinase(s)

A

adds a phosphate to some molecules.

21
Q

Bioenergetics

A

making energy using nutrients; does not involve O2; phosphocreatine breakdown
-Adenylate Kinase Reaction ADP + ADP –> ATP + AMP

22
Q

Oxidative Physophorylation

A

making ATP in the presence of O2.

23
Q

ATP-PC System

A

immediate source of ATP replenishment

  • PC + ADP –> ATP + C
  • depletion of PC may limit short term, high intensity exercise.
24
Q

Lactic Acid

A

produced in glycolysis. (rapid dissociation to lactate and H+)

25
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

apart of the aerobic ATP production (into mitochondria)

  • Pyruvic acid (3C) is 1st converted to acetyl-CoA (2C)
  • Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (5C)
  • Citrate is metabolized to oxalocetate.
  • Produces 3 NADH’s and 1 FADH2 –> electron transport chain
26
Q

Aerobic ATP production

A

making ATP in the presence of O2.

-oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondira

27
Q

Rate limiting enzymes

A

an enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway

28
Q

Modulators of rate limiting enzymes

A

levels of ATP and ADP+Pi
(high levels of ATP inhibit ATP production.)
(low levels of of ATP and high levels of ADP + Pi stimulates ATP production).

29
Q

Calcium

A

what may stimulate aerobic ATP production ?

30
Q

What macronutrient is in limited supply?

A

Carbohydrate

31
Q

What macronutrient is in abundant supply?

A

Lipids (Fats)

32
Q

What is the storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue; and also breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids (3) via lipolysis

A

Triglycerides

33
Q

What form of fat that is not used as an energy source and is located in cell membranes (signals)?

A

Phospholipids

34
Q

What form of fat is derived from cholesterol and is needed to synthesize sex hormones and glucocorticoids.?

A

Steroids

35
Q

What is the process of protein being converted into glucose (in the liver) when there aren’t enough carbohydrates?

A

Gluconeogenesis

36
Q

In what form is glucose stored in animal cells

A

Glycogen

37
Q

What is the primary form of fat used as an energy source in cells; and stored as triglycerides in muscle and fat cells?

A

Fatty Acids

38
Q

High energy phosphate that consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates.

A 
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
-synthesis ADP + Pi -> ATP
39
Q

_______ breakdown helps to resynthesize ATP immediately.

A

Phosphocreatine

40
Q

What is the oxidative formation of ATP called? (uses glycogen, glucose and fatty acids (and in this order)).

A

Aerobic pathways

41
Q

What is the process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol known as?

A

Lipolysis

42
Q

The process of lipolysis is regulated by what?

A

Lipase

43
Q

What is the pathway called that creates ATP without the use/need of O2 but by either phosphocreatine breakdown and/or degradation of glucose (glycolysis) ?

A

Anaerobic Pathway

44
Q

The simplest and most rapid method of producing ATP involves what?

A

The donation of a phosphate group and its bond energy from Phosphocreatine to ADP to from ATP.

45
Q

the breakdown of phosphocreatine in order to form ATP is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

Creatine Kinase

46
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

synthesis of molecules

47
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

breakdown of molecules

Exercise Physiology Exam #1 (7 decks)

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