Chapter 2 - Control of the Internal Environment

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment. (in a resting state)

Question 2

Steady State

Answer 2

physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily “normal”.
-balance between demands placed on body and the body’s response to those demands. (ex. body temp, arterial blood pressure)

Question 3

Intracellular control systems

Answer 3

• protein breakdown and synthesis
• energy production
• maintenance of stored nutrients

Question 4

What is a series of interconnected components that maintain a physical and/or chemical parameters at a near constant value? Made up of several components such as; stimulus, sensor/receptor, control center.

Answer 4

Biological Control System

Question 5

Negative Feedback

Answer 5

Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis.

-most control systems work this way.

Question 6

Positive Feedback

Answer 6

Response increases the original stimulus (calcium feed forward mechanisms, sodium feed forward mechanisms, inflammation feed forward mechanisms)

Question 7

Adaptation

Answer 7

change in structure or function of cell or organ system over time.

• results should improve the ability to maintain homeostasis.
• causes your body to more efficiently produce heat shock proteins.

Question 8

Acclimatization

Answer 8

adaptation to environmental stresses (heat stress in a hot environment)

Question 9

Cell Signaling

Answer 9

communication between cells or within a cell using chemical messengers.

Question 10

Intracrine Signaling

Answer 10

chemical messenger inside cell triggers response

Question 11

Juxtacrine Signaling

Answer 11

chemical messenger passed between two connected cells. (very much so in heart cells).

Question 12

Autocrine signaling

auto = self

Answer 12

chemical messenger acts on that same cell. (ex. insulin)

Question 13

Paracrine signaling

Answer 13

chemical messengers act on nearby cells

Question 14

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 14

chemical messengers released into blood

-only affect cells with specific receptor.

Question 15

Stress Proteins

Answer 15

Cells synthesize this when homeostasis is disrupted. (heat shock proteins repair damaged proteins in cell)
stressor (exs) -high temperature
- low cellular energy levels
- abnormal pH
-alterations in cell calcium
-protein damage by free radicals (unpaired electron)

Question 16

Pulmonary and circulatory systems are responsible for replenishing oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Both are classified as…

Answer 16

Organ Systems

Question 17

Exercise induces what ?

Answer 17

Stressors such as as high body temperature, low cellular energy levels, abnormal pH, alterations in cell calcium, protein damage by free radicals

Question 18

Exercise-induced protein synthesis improves the ability of cells to maintain what?

Answer 18

Homeostasis

Question 19

what two types of exercise help promote different cell signaling pathways thus activating different proteins?

Answer 19

Resistance and endurance exercise