Chapter 3: Ancient Egypt Definitions/Photos Flashcards
Hierarchic Scale
Use of difference in size to indicate relative importance
Composite Pose
Combining different viewpoints within a single representation
Hieroglyph
Picture writing; words and ideas in symbol forms
Sacrophagus
Stone coffin
Papyrus
Material from pithy stem of water plant (used in sheets)
Mastaba
Tomb rectangular in shape with sloping sides and flat roof
Sphinx
Figure of imaginary creature having head of man, or animal and the body of a lion
Cannon
Heavy piece of artillery, mounted on wheels and used in warfare
Grid
System of regularly spaced horizontally and vertically crossed lines
Necropolis
Large cemetery or burial area; literally “a city of the dead”
Lotus
Plant
Portico
Projecting roof or porch supported by columns, usually marking an entrance
Gneiss
Metamorphic rock with banded foliated structure, usually coarse-grained
Scribe
Person who copies out documents (Kai)
Lower Egypt
North of Egypt where nile stretched out with its several branches to form the Nile Delta
Upper Egypt
Stop of land on both sides of the Nile, extends between Nubai and downriver to lower egypt
Imhotep
Egyptian polymath who served under the 3rd Dynasty kind Djoser as chancellor
Khafre
King of 4th Dynasty ruled 2520-2492 BCE and was the son of Khufu
Menkaure
King of 4th Dynasty in the Old kingdom, ruled (2490-2472 BCE) successor of king Khafre
Khufu
Second pharaoh during 4th Dynasty. (2490-24720 BCE) commissioned the great pyramid of Giza.
Photo: The Palette of Narmer
Hierakonpolis. 2950 BCE.
- Hieroglyphs
- Hierarchic scale
- Composite poses
- Narmer Wears bull’s tail
- Ceremonial palette, but with mixing Saucer
Twelfth Dynasty
1935-1758 BCE
Thirteenth Dynasty
1755-1630 BCE
Photo: Step Pyramid and Sham Buildings
funerary complex of Djsor. Saqqara. 3rd Dynasty. C. 2630 - 2575 BCE.
- Earliest know monumental architecture in Egypt
- Designed by Imhotep, first architect in history to be identified
- Stairway to the sun of god (ra)
- Built over kings tomb for protection
- Djoser an observer of rituals from afterlife
Photo: Great Pyramids of Giza
4th Dynasty. C. 2575-2450 BCE.
- Oldest & largest; pyramid of Khufu
- Processional with ceremonies from east bank of Nile to pyramid tomb on west bank
- Oriented to compass points
Photo: Great Sphinx
Funerary complex of Khafre, Giza. Old Kingdom. C - 2520-2494 BCE.
- Near khafre’s valley temple
- Khafre’s head on temple body of lion
Photo: Valley Temple of Khafre Giza
Old kingdom. C 2520-2494 BCE.
- Walls & piers support flat roof
- Clerestory windows for light
- Polished alabaster floors
- Houses over-life-size statues of Khafre
Photo: Khafre, Giza
Valley Temple of Khafre. 4th Dynasty, C. 2520-2494 BCE.
- House the falcon god
- Lions form 3 legs
- Intertwined lotus (Upper Egypt) and papyrus (Lower Egypt) intertwined beneath the seat indicate king’s power overall of Egypt
- Stone produces blue glow in sunlight, the celestial colour of Horus (god of the heavens)
- Permanence conveyed in pose, facial expression, material.
Photo: Menkaure and a queen, probably Khamerenebty II
From Giza. 4th Dynasty. 2490-2472 BCE
- Conventional calm and dignified pose with queen’s embrace
- Menkaure shown youthful & athletic in conventional kilt and headdresses, left food forward, arm’s straight, fists clenching cylindrical objects
- Queen’s rounded torso contrasts king’s
- Traces of paint remain: red on the king per tradition, black on the queen’s hair
Photo: Seated Scribe
Found near the tomb of kai. Saqqara 5th Dynasty. C. 2450-2325 BCE.
- More relaxed/life-like than statues of royalty
- Round head. Close-cropped hair, alert expression
- Individually
- Eyes inlaid with polished crystal with pupils slight off center
- Soft physique
Photo: Watching a hippo hunt, tomb of Ti
5th Dynasty. C. 2450-2325 BCE.
- Tomb wall painting using representational conventions
- River viewed from above, while animals in river shown in profile
- Boats shown straight - on
- Papyrus in vertacl lines with prey animals stalking birds among flora
- Ti in composite post and hierarchically scaled, while hunters are more life-like
Photo: Sensuret III from Dier-el-Bahri.
12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom, c 1850 BCE.
- Less serene and confident than imaged from the Old Kingdom
- Frontality of pose similar
- Changing sensibilities or conventions?
Photo: Picking Figs
Wall painting from the tomb of Khumhortep. Beni Hasan. 12th Dynasty. C. 1890 BCE.
- Farm workers & baboons
- Upper torsos of figures more lifelike than royal composite poses
Photo: Stele of the Gatekeeper of the Royal Treasury Maety.
12th Dynasty to middle Kingdom.
- Barefoot
- Elaborate broad collar, bracelets, and knee-length kilt
- Offering table with ten feathers
- Perfume vessel
- Offerings above feathers
- Emphasis on line
- Scene composed in registers or bands with canon proportions
Photo: Judgment of Hunefer befor Osiris
19th D, c. 1285 BCE
- Anubis leads him by the hand (left)
- Ma’at appears atop the balancing arm of the scale wearing a feather headress
- Ammit, the dreaded “easter of the dead” part crocodile, lion, hoppo watches sign from ibis-headed god Thoth,
- Hunefer passes test, and Horus presents him to enthroned Osiris
- Nepthys and Isis supporting him in back
Photo: Karomama
3rd Int per, 22nd Dynasty, c. 945-715 BCE
- Extraordinary most surviving portrait of Egypt:
- Divine consort of Amun and member of a community of virgin priestesses selected from the pharaoh’s family or retinue who were dedicated to him
- Karomama.. Daughter of king Osorkan I (20th D, r.c 985-978 BCE)
- Identified as priestesses rather than princess
King Djoser
(2650-2631 BCE)
○ Commissioned the most earliest known architecture in Egypt
○ Designer was Imhotep (served as Prime Minister)
King Khufu
2251-2528 BCE
Khafre
2520-2494 BCE
- son of khufu
Menakaure
2490-2472 BCE
Mentuhotep
(11th D, 2010 - 1938 BCE)
- Gained power in Thebes
- Reasserted royal power and founded the Middle Kingdom
Senusret II
1842-1837 BCE
Snusret III
1836-1818 BCE
Built the town Kahun
Thutmose I
1493-1482 BCE
Thutmose III
1479-1425 BCE
- Extended Egypt’s influence alone the eastern Mediterranean coast as far as the region of present-day Syria
- First to refer himself as Pharaoh
Amenhotep III
1390-1353 BCE
Amenhotep IV
1353-1336 BCE
Tutankhaten
1332-1322 BCE
- Son of Amun
- The one to return stuff to traditional beliefs
Sety I
1290-1279 BCE
Ramses II
1279-1213 BCE
- Son of Sety
Osorkan I
985-978 BCE
Taharqo
690-664 BCE
Cleopatra VII
51-30 BCE
Hatshepsut
1473-1458 BCE
FEMALE PHARAOH
Photo: Mask of King Tut
1327 BCE
- Valley of kings
- Flail and Crook
- Sacrophagus (Stone coffin)
Photo: Reconstruction Drawing of Djosers Funeraray Complex
- Saqqara
- 2630-2575 BCE
- Stone and wood
Photo: Step Pyramid and Sham building, Complex of Djoser
- Ziggurat
- Stairway to son god Ra
- 92 foot shaft
- Adjacent funerary temple
Photo: Butcher
- Tomb of Nikau-inpu
- 5th d 2450-2325 BCE
Photo: Stele of Amenemhat
Assasif
- 11th D, 2000
- Food offerings
- Wife Lyi, and son Antef
- Convention of Skin
Photo: Reconstruction Drawing of The Great Temple of Amun at Karnak
Karnak
- 1579-1075 BCE
- Vast Hall filled with columns (Hypostyle)
Photo: Reconstruction of Hypo Hall
Karnak
- 1292 - 1190 BCE
- Sety and son Ramses
Photo: Columns with Papyriform and Bud Capitals, Hypostyle Hall, Great Temple of Amun,
Karnak
- 19th D
- Sety and Ramses
- Carving on Columns
Photo: Hatshepsut Kneeling
- Deir - el - bahir
1423-1458 BCE
- Shown as king
- mile away from valley of kings
Photo: Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut
1473-1458 BCE
- Far left ramp in drawing
- Dier el Bahri
- Base of funerary temple is mentuotep
Photo: Drawing of Hatshepsut Temple
- Dier el Bahri
- Flat Dessert to sloping hillside
- Axial Plan ..
- Causeway lined with sphinxes
Photo: Ramose Brother May and his wife
- Tomb of Ramose
- 1375 - 1365 BCE
Photo: Collosal Figure of Akhenhaten
- Gompaaten Temple
- Akhenhaten
- Starling Stylizations, physical distortions
- Placed oriental movement on son
- Facial features include distorted and exaggerations
- Pictorial Relief Sculptures (2D drawing on 3D surface)
Photo: Akhenhaten and his Fam
- 1353-1336 BCE
- 2 daughters
- Shaved heads
- Pictorial Relief Sculpture
- Recieving blessings from Aken
Photo: Queen Tiy
- Medinet-El-Ghurab
- 1352 BCE
- Reveals bone structure
- Portrait altered once son came to power
Photo: Nefertiti
- Akhen’s wife
- 1353-1336 BCE
- Stucco
- Painted limestone
- Smoothed out
Photo: Fish Shaped perfume bottle
Akhen
1353-1356 BCE
Photo: Nefertiti Making an Offering
- Tomb of nef
- Valley of queens
- 1290 - 1224
- Making offering to Isis
- Shown Royalty
Photo: Sphinx of Taharqo
- Tikawa, Nubia
- 680 BCE
- 2 Cobras represent 2 kingdoms
- Known as African King by the facial expressions
