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EDVS 1660: History 1 > Chapter 2: Ancient Near East Definitions/Photos > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Ancient Near East Definitions/Photos Flashcards

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1
Q

Hierarchic Scale

A

Use of differences in size to indicate relative importance

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2
Q

Stele

A

Stone slab placed vertically and decorated with inscriptions or reliefs

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3
Q

Cuneifrom

A

Early form of writing with wedge shaped marks impression into the wet clay with a stylus

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4
Q

Stylus

A

Instrument with pointed end making a delicate line or scratch

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5
Q

Ziggurat

A

Ancient mesopotamia, tall stepped tower of earthen materials, often supporting a shrine

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6
Q

Votive Figure

A

Image created as devotional offering to deity

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7
Q

Inlay

A

To set pieces of material into a surface to form a design

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8
Q

Lost-Wax-Casting

A

Method of casting metal such as bronze

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9
Q

High Relief

A

Depends upon the extent of projection of the image of the background

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10
Q

Low Relief

A

Depends upon the extent of projection of the image of the background

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11
Q

Crenellation

A

Alternating high and low sections of a wall, giving a notched appearance and creating permanent defensive shields on top of fortified buildings

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12
Q

City - State

A

Has its own government, consists of a city and the area around it

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13
Q

Lapis Lazuli

A

Bright blue metamorphic rock consisting largely of lazurite, used for decoration an jewelry

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14
Q

Alabaster

A

Fine- grained, translucent form of gypsum (mineral), typically white, often carved into ornaments

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15
Q

Lyre

A

Greek string instruments .. looks like a harp

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16
Q

Diorite

A

Speckled, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase, feldspar, and homblende or other mafic miners

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17
Q

Pleasure Garden

A

Open to public for recreation and entertainment

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18
Q

Gold Leaf

A

Very thin sheets of gold

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19
Q

The Epic of Gilgamesh

A

Earliest surviving great work of literature, from ancient mesopotamia

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20
Q

Inanna, Nanna, Anu, Ishtar

A

Sumerian God’s

Inanna - Goddess of love, fertility, and warfare
Nanna - God of the moon
Anu - Sky god
Ishtar - Goddess of fertility, love, war, sex, and power

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21
Q

Enheduanna

A

Daughter of Sargon of Akkad, high priestess of the moon god Nanna

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22
Q

Hammurabi

A

6th king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, 1792-1750 BCE

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23
Q

Uruk

A

Ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia

24
Q

Sir Leonard Woolley

A

British Archaeologist best known for his excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia

25
Q

Photo: Head of Woman

A

Uruk (present day Warka, Iraq) c. 3300-3000 BCE

-Could be attached to wooden head on full size wooden body
- Stripped of its original paint, wig, and the inlay set in for brows and eyes
- Shells for the whites of the eyes
- Lapis lazuli for pupils
Hair may have been gold

26
Q

Photo: The ruins of Anu Ziggurat

A

3400-3200 BCE

  • Sancturary (white temple)
  • Altar
  • Northwest terrace

Characteristics of the landscape:

  • Flat Landscap
  • produced by the overflow of the rivers
27
Q

Photo: Carved Vessel

A

Uruk,c. 3300-3000 BCE

Organized into 3 registers or horizontal bands:

  • Lower strip; sources of life in natural world, beginning with water and plants.
  • Upper strip; alternating rams, and ewes march single file along solid grown in line
  • Middle strip; naked men carry baskets of foodstuffs
  • Top register; Goddess Inanna accepts an offering from 2 standing figures
  • 2 men that face her are taught to be first naked priest or acolyte presenting an offering-filled basket, followed by partially preserved, ceremonially dressed figure of the priest king
28
Q

Photo: Votive Figures

A

Square Temple Eshuanna, c. 2900-2600 BCE

  • small votary statues dedicated to gods
  • brows inlaid with shell, stone, or bitumen
  • cylindrical male and female bodies with sturdy legs
29
Q

Photo: Cylinder Seal Impression

A

Tomb of Queen Puabi. 2600-2500 BCE

  • Replaced stamp seal
  • Cylinders made of hard stone
  • Banquet scene with women
30
Q

Photo: Disk of Enhenduanna

A

2300-2275 BCE.

Excavated by Leonard Woolley at Ur in 1927

31
Q

Phote: Head of Ruler

A

Nineveh. 2300-2200 BCE. Iraq musem, Baghdad.

  • Earlistest known hollow-cast sculpture (lost-wax casting)
  • Ryality indicated by heard and braided hair
  • Beard and hair are also characteristics of ideal male
  • Symbolic mutilation of ears and eyes
32
Q

Photo: Stele of Naram-Sin

A

2254-2218 BCE

  • Hierarchic scale
  • Victorious akkadian ruler with horned helmet
  • Handsome male form = mythical heroism and royal power (ancient mesopotamian culture)
  • Native trees suggest real battle scene
  • Small enemy figures
  • Sun deities
33
Q

Photo: The Lion Hunt

A

Assurnasirpal II, Kalhu. 875-860 BCE

  • Low Relief
  • Marks shift in Mesopotamian art for “.. a sense of timeless solemnity, and toward a more damatic, even emotional, movement witht he event portrayed.
34
Q

Photo: Ceremonial Complex

A

518-460 BCE

  • New capital of Darius I
  • Multicultural stlyle combining many different traditions- Persian, median, mesopotamian, egyptian, and greek
  • Assyrian platform
  • Rectangular grid like Egyptian and Greek Cities
35
Q

Photo: Ziggurat of the moon-god Nanna at Ur

A

2100 - 2050 BCE
- One site of earlier temple
- Mud brick faced with kin-dried brick and set with bitumen
- Rectangular base with 3 platforms and 3 flights of stairs
- Platform walls slop outwards
First 2 levels with retaining walls are recent reconstructions

36
Q

Photo: The great Lyre with Bull’s Head.

A

Royal tomb. Ur, c. 2600-2500 BCE

  • Bull decorated with gold and lapis lazuli
  • Front panel of sound box made of wood with shell inlaid in bitumen
  • Lyres played at funerals
  • Lyres buried on top of female musicians who played for funeral
37
Q

Photo: Votive Statue of Gueda

A

2090 BCE. Musee du Louvre, Paris.

  • Compact Stylized figure
  • Emphasis on body’s power centers: eyes, head, arms
  • Cuneiform text on garment dedication of Gudea, the statue, and it’s temple to Geshtinanna, divine poet and interpreter of dreams
  • Water flows from vessel in two streams with fish
    Eye concentrate on deity
38
Q

Photo: Steele of Hammurabi

A

Sippar, c. 1792-1750 BCE

  • Sun god and god of justice Shamash gives the law to king Hammurabi
  • Shamash identified by sun rays, conical horned cap throne measuring rod and rope circle
  • Laws engraved in cuneiform on stele
  • Innovative regulation of laws and punishments
39
Q

Photo: Lion Gate

A

Hattusha, c. 1400 BCE

  • High relief guardian figures carved from the building stones of the wall
  • Hittite capital
    Lions project some difference from the background (high relief)
40
Q

Photo: Reconstruction Drawing of the Citadel and Palace complex of Sargon II

A

Khorsabad Iraq, c. 721-706 BCE

  • New Assyrian capital
  • Sargon II lived and ruled from quarters atop 40 degree platform
  • Gate guardian figures (lamassus)
    Ziggurat
41
Q

Photo: Assurbanipal and His Queen in the Garden

A

Nineveh, c. 647 BCE.

  • Pleasure garden victory celebration
  • Enemy’s severed head hangs from tree
42
Q

Photo: Nanna Ziggurat

A

Ur, c. 2100-2050 BCE

  • Dedicated to moon god Nanna
  • Created by king Urnammu
43
Q

Photo: Assurnaspirpal II Killion Lions

A

Palace of Assurnaspirpal II, Kalhu,c. 8750860 BCE)

  • Low Relief
  • Marks shift in Mesopotamian art for “.. a sense of timeless solemnity, and toward a more damatic, even emotional, movement witht he event portrayed.
44
Q

Naram Sin

A

ruled 2254-2218 BCE

  • ruler of Akkadia
  • First mesopotamian king know to have claimed divinity for himself
45
Q

Sargon I

A

2232-2279 BCE

Ruled Akkadia after Naram-Sin

46
Q

Assurnasipal II

A

883-859 BCE

  • established capital at Khalu
  • Created the Lions Gate
47
Q

Neobuchadnezzar II

A

605-562 BCE

  • most famous neobabylonian Ruler
  • Suppression of the jews
48
Q

Cyrus II

A

559-530 BCE

Ruler of persia

49
Q

Darius I

A

521-486 BCE

Construction of Parsa (palace)

50
Q

Xerxes I

A

485-465 BCE

Son of Darius I
- Made his own modifications to the palace after his father

51
Q

Photo: Reconstruction Drawing of Citadel and Palace

A

Dur Sharukin
721-706 BCE

  • new ass capital
  • gate guardian figures
  • ziggurat
  • lived and ruled atop 40 deg plat
52
Q

Photo: Reconstruction of Babylon in the 6th Century

A
  • Ishtar Gate
  • Blue glazed brick facing
  • 4 Tower symbols of babylonian power
  • Neobuchadnezzar II
53
Q

Photo: Ishtar Gate and Throne Room Wall

A
  • Babylon
  • 575 BCE
  • Coloured glass (lapis lazuli)
54
Q

Photo: Arial view of the Ceremonial Complex, Persepolis

A
  • Iran
  • 518-460 BCE
  • New capital of Darius I
  • Multicultural Style
  • Assyrian Platform
  • Reconstruction grid like
55
Q

Photo: Darius and Xerxes Recieving Tribute

A
  • Stairway to Apadana
  • Persepolis Iran
  • 491-486 BCE

EDVS 1660: History 1 (7 decks)

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