Chapter 3 anatomy and physiology Flashcards
the structure of organisms
anatomy
the functions and activities of organisms
physiology
the basic structural and functional unit or all organisms
cell
tissue that connects, protects, and forms a framework for all body structures
connective tissue
what are the 5 types of membranes?
- cutaneous - skin
- epithelial
- serous
- connective tissue
- meninx - brain and spinal cord
what are the 3 division planes?
- frontal - front and back
- sagittal - left and right
- transverse - upper and lower
what are the 2 body cavities?
- dorsal (top) - cranial and spinal
- ventral (bottom) - thoracic, diaphragm, abdominal, pelvic
what organs are in the right upper quadrant?
liver and gallbladder
what organs are in the right lower quadrant?
cecum and appendix
what organs are in the left upper quadrant?
spleen and body of pancreas
what organ is in the left lower quadrant?
sigmoid colon
what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
R hypochondriac-epigastric-L hypochondriac
R lumbar-umbilical-L lumbar
R iliac-hypogastric-L iliac
what are the three layers of skin from outermost to innermost?
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous
a band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
tendon
a band or sheet of fibrous tissue that connects 2 or more bones
ligament
what are the 2 nervous systems?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
what are the 4 main parts of the brain?
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
what is contained in the central nervous system?
the brain and spinal cord
what is contained in the peripheral nervous system?
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
a hormone release by the kidneys that regulates RBC formation
erythropoietin
compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide away from the cells
hemoglobin
the stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
the measure of packed RBC’s
hematocrit
the clumping of RBC’s
agglutination
what are the blood types for universal donors and recipients?
donor - O neg
recipient - AB pos
what is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?
thrombus - blood clot
embolus - moving blood clot
what are the 4 layers of the heart from outermost to innermost?
- pericardium
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
what is the difference between systole and diastole?
systole - contraction
diastole - relaxation
arteries carry blood ___
veins carry blood ___
arteries - away from the heart
veins - to the heart
the body system that returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and protects the body against disease
lymphatic system
an instrument that measures the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs
spirometer
inspiration is air ___
expiration is air ___
inspiration - into lungs
expiration - out of lungs
the physical and chemical processes that take place in an organism
metabolism
core temperature is ___
shell temperature is ___
core - temp around organs
shell - temp near skins surface
what are the 3 stages of male sperm cells from beginning to end
- spermatogonia/um
- spermatocyte
- spermatozoa
what are the 3 stages of female egg cells from beginning to end
- oogonium/a
- oocyte
- ovum
the release of an ovum into the ovary
ovulation
what is the area between the vagina and anus?
perineum
neonatal is ___
postnatal is ___
neonatal - first 4 weeks after birth
postnatal - begins at birth, ends at death
the energy necessary to keep the body functioning at the minimal level
basal metabolism
what are the 3 sections of vertabrae and how many are in each?
- cervical - 7
- thoracic - 12
- lumbar - 5
which hormone stimulates uterine contractions?
oxytocin
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
what is malfunctioning in patients with diabetes?
pancreas
what do leukocytes defend the body against?
infection
what do neutrophils indicate?
inflammation
what to basophils indicate?
allergies
what do eosinophils indicate?
infections and allergies
what do monocytes indicate?
autoimmune diseases
what do lymphocytes indicate?
infection, cancer, or inflammation
a system or glands which secretions coordinate body functions (ex:hormones)
endocrine system
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine from beginning to end?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
what organ acts as the bodies control center - sending messages to other parts of the body?
brain
what organ pumps blood throughout the body?
heart
what organ oxygenates blood by filtering incoming air and removing excess C02?
lungs
what organ acts as a filter for blood and harmful substances as well as produces bile?
liver
what organ has nephrons which filter waste to create urine?
kidneys
what organ stores and releases bile to aid in digestion?
gallbladder
what organ produces enzymes and insulin to break down food/glucose to create energy?
pancreas
what organ helps break down and digest food using its muscles and enzymes?
stomach
group of tubes that filter waste, absorb water and enzymes, and digest food?
intestines
what organ helps control the levels of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets?
spleen
what type of graft is a persons own tissue from one part to another?
autograft
what type of graft is animal tissue to human?
heterograft
what type of graft is tissue from one human to another?
homograft
what type of graft is tissue from identical twins?
isograft
what is contained in the somatic nervous system?
cranial and spinal nerves
what is contained in the autonomic system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
a bone that provides muscular attachment and also serves to protect the body’s vital organs or sensitive areas (ex: scapula)
flat bone
a hollow part or cavity in an organ
ventricle
