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Medical assistant exam > Chapter 3 anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 anatomy and physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the structure of organisms

A

anatomy

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2
Q

the functions and activities of organisms

A

physiology

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3
Q

the basic structural and functional unit or all organisms

A

cell

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4
Q

tissue that connects, protects, and forms a framework for all body structures

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

what are the 5 types of membranes?

A
  1. cutaneous - skin
  2. epithelial
  3. serous
  4. connective tissue
  5. meninx - brain and spinal cord
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6
Q

what are the 3 division planes?

A
  1. frontal - front and back
  2. sagittal - left and right
  3. transverse - upper and lower
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7
Q

what are the 2 body cavities?

A
  1. dorsal (top) - cranial and spinal
  2. ventral (bottom) - thoracic, diaphragm, abdominal, pelvic
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8
Q

what organs are in the right upper quadrant?

A

liver and gallbladder

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9
Q

what organs are in the right lower quadrant?

A

cecum and appendix

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10
Q

what organs are in the left upper quadrant?

A

spleen and body of pancreas

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11
Q

what organ is in the left lower quadrant?

A

sigmoid colon

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12
Q

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

R hypochondriac-epigastric-L hypochondriac
R lumbar-umbilical-L lumbar
R iliac-hypogastric-L iliac

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13
Q

what are the three layers of skin from outermost to innermost?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. subcutaneous
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14
Q

a band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

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15
Q

a band or sheet of fibrous tissue that connects 2 or more bones

A

ligament

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16
Q

what are the 2 nervous systems?

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system
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17
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. diencephalon
  4. brainstem
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18
Q

what is contained in the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

what is contained in the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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20
Q

a hormone release by the kidneys that regulates RBC formation

A

erythropoietin

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21
Q

compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide away from the cells

A

hemoglobin

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22
Q

the stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

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23
Q

the measure of packed RBC’s

A

hematocrit

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24
Q

the clumping of RBC’s

A

agglutination

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25
Q

what are the blood types for universal donors and recipients?

A

donor - O neg
recipient - AB pos

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26
Q

what is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

A

thrombus - blood clot
embolus - moving blood clot

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27
Q

what are the 4 layers of the heart from outermost to innermost?

A
  1. pericardium
  2. epicardium
  3. myocardium
  4. endocardium
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28
Q

what is the difference between systole and diastole?

A

systole - contraction
diastole - relaxation

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29
Q

arteries carry blood ___
veins carry blood ___

A

arteries - away from the heart
veins - to the heart

30
Q

the body system that returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood and protects the body against disease

A

lymphatic system

31
Q

an instrument that measures the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs

A

spirometer

32
Q

inspiration is air ___
expiration is air ___

A

inspiration - into lungs
expiration - out of lungs

33
Q

the physical and chemical processes that take place in an organism

A

metabolism

34
Q

core temperature is ___
shell temperature is ___

A

core - temp around organs
shell - temp near skins surface

35
Q

what are the 3 stages of male sperm cells from beginning to end

A
  • spermatogonia/um
  • spermatocyte
  • spermatozoa
36
Q

what are the 3 stages of female egg cells from beginning to end

A
  • oogonium/a
  • oocyte
  • ovum
37
Q

the release of an ovum into the ovary

A

ovulation

38
Q

what is the area between the vagina and anus?

A

perineum

39
Q

neonatal is ___
postnatal is ___

A

neonatal - first 4 weeks after birth
postnatal - begins at birth, ends at death

40
Q

the energy necessary to keep the body functioning at the minimal level

A

basal metabolism

41
Q

what are the 3 sections of vertabrae and how many are in each?

A
  1. cervical - 7
  2. thoracic - 12
  3. lumbar - 5
42
Q

which hormone stimulates uterine contractions?

A

oxytocin

43
Q

what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

diaphragm

44
Q

what is malfunctioning in patients with diabetes?

A

pancreas

45
Q

what do leukocytes defend the body against?

A

infection

46
Q

what do neutrophils indicate?

A

inflammation

47
Q

what to basophils indicate?

A

allergies

48
Q

what do eosinophils indicate?

A

infections and allergies

49
Q

what do monocytes indicate?

A

autoimmune diseases

50
Q

what do lymphocytes indicate?

A

infection, cancer, or inflammation

51
Q

a system or glands which secretions coordinate body functions (ex:hormones)

A

endocrine system

52
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine from beginning to end?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
53
Q

what organ acts as the bodies control center - sending messages to other parts of the body?

A

brain

54
Q

what organ pumps blood throughout the body?

A

heart

55
Q

what organ oxygenates blood by filtering incoming air and removing excess C02?

A

lungs

56
Q

what organ acts as a filter for blood and harmful substances as well as produces bile?

A

liver

57
Q

what organ has nephrons which filter waste to create urine?

A

kidneys

58
Q

what organ stores and releases bile to aid in digestion?

A

gallbladder

59
Q

what organ produces enzymes and insulin to break down food/glucose to create energy?

A

pancreas

60
Q

what organ helps break down and digest food using its muscles and enzymes?

A

stomach

61
Q

group of tubes that filter waste, absorb water and enzymes, and digest food?

A

intestines

62
Q

what organ helps control the levels of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets?

A

spleen

63
Q

what type of graft is a persons own tissue from one part to another?

A

autograft

64
Q

what type of graft is animal tissue to human?

A

heterograft

65
Q

what type of graft is tissue from one human to another?

A

homograft

66
Q

what type of graft is tissue from identical twins?

A

isograft

67
Q

what is contained in the somatic nervous system?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

68
Q

what is contained in the autonomic system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

69
Q

a bone that provides muscular attachment and also serves to protect the body’s vital organs or sensitive areas (ex: scapula)

A

flat bone

70
Q

a hollow part or cavity in an organ

A

ventricle

Medical assistant exam (22 decks)

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