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Botany > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Lack nuclei

DNA is not surrounded by membranous envelope

Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid- DNA that occurs in the form of a large circular molecule

Lack organelles

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Chromosomes surrounded by envelope

DNA is linear and bounded to histones

Has organelles

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3
Q

Protoplast

A

Unit of protoplasm inside cell wall, includes cytoplasm and nucleus

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4
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

Separates in/external environment

Mediates transport of substances

Synthesize cellulose

Maintains homeostasis within body

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5
Q

Tonoplast

A

Membrane surrounding vacuoles

Plant cell

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6
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclists

A

Facilitates the transport of materials within the cell and between the cell and it’s environment

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7
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Controls which and even proteins are to be produced

Stores genetic info with can be passed

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8
Q

Nuclear Genome

A

The Total genetic information stored in the nucleus

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A complex system of membranes that play a central role in cellular biosynthesis

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10
Q

Number or chromosomes

A

Haploid- single set of chromosomes, n

Diploid- double set of chromosomes, 2n

Polyploid- more than 2 sets of chromosomes, 3n 4n 5n etc

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11
Q

Nucleoli; nucleolus (singular)

A

Each nucleolus Contains high concentrations of proteins along with large loops of DNA (nucleolar organizer regions), this side of formation of ribosomal subunits

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

17-23 nanometers

Consist of protein and RNA
*more protein than RNA

RNA is 60% of the mass

Each ribosome consists of a large and small subunit, produce in nucleolus and exported to the cytoplasm to be assembled into a ribosome

Located in cytoplasm, endoreticulum, smaller ones in plastids and mitochondria

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13
Q

Polysomes is polyribosomes

A

The clusters or aggregates that ribosomes activate protein synthesis

Attached to the outer surface of nuclear envelope

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14
Q

Plastids

A

Photosynthesis and storage

Types: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

Surrounded by:
Thylakoids- flattened sacs
Stroma- homogeneous matrix

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophylls, and carotenoid pigments (yellow, orange)

In plants usually disk shaped 4-6 micrometers

A single mesophyll cell contain 40-50 chloroplasts (square millimeter 500,000)

Grana- stacks of disks

Contain starch grains and small lipid oil droplets

Semiautonomous- can synthesize some of their own polypeptides

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16
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Pigmented plastics, lack chlorophyll and retain carotenoid pigments (yellow, orange, red)

Attractant and plays a role in cross pollination

17
Q

Proplastids

A

Small, colorless, pale green, undifferentiated plastids in meristematic cells of roots and shoots

Precursors of chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or leucoplasts

If they contain prolamellar bodies they’re called etioplasts

18
Q

Etioplats

A

Form in leaves of plants in the dark

When exposed to light, etioplasts develop into chloroplasts and the membranes develop into chloroplasts

19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for respiration, biosynthesis of amino acid’s, vitamin cofactors, fatty acid’s, and programmed cell death with the release of cytochrome c and mitochondrial swelling

Semiautonomous

The matrix contains protein RNA, DNA, small ribosomes and various solutes

20
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Play an important role in photo respiration, that consumes oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Glyoxysomes- contains the enzymes necessary for the conversion of stored fat to sucrose during germination in many seeds

Inconvertible

No DNA nor ribosomes

21
Q

Vacuole

A

Contain cell sap (water), Ca2+, K+, Cl-,Na+, and HPO4 2-, sugars, organic acids, and amino acids

Storage compartment for sugars, primary metabolites, and chlorophyll

22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER- cells that store proteins have an abundant, flattened sacs, or cisternae, polysomes on surface

Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes and is largely tubular in form, involved in lipid synthesis

Cortical ER- regulates the level of calcium ions in Cytosol (interconnected by plasmodesmata)

Serves as a communication system within the cell and as a system for channeling materials such as proteins and lipids

23
Q

Golgi bodies

A

Involved in the synthesis and secretion of noncellulosic polysaccharides destined for incorporation into the cell wall, also process and secrete glycoproteins from the rough ER via transition vesicles

Geico porches are transported stepwise across the stack to maturing face by means of shuttle vesicles to be delivered to the vacuole for secretion

24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Consist of Microtubules and Actin filaments ~intermediated filament

Microtubules-Serve to direct secretory Golgi Vesicles containing noncellulosic cell wall substances toward the developing wall; they also make up the spindle fibers that aid in chromosome movement (24 nm)

25
Q

Dynamic instability

A

The breakdown, we formation, and rearrangement into new configurations of microtubules during differentiation

26
Q

Actin filaments

A

Composed of actin (5-7 nm)

Involved in cell wall the position, tip growth of pollen tubes, movement of the nucleus before and following cell division, Oregon no movement, vesicle mediated secretion, organization of endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic streaming

27
Q

Cellulose

A

Hemicelluloses- Being hydrogen bonded they limit the extensibility of the cell wall by tethering adjacent microfibrils, aiding in regulating cell enlargement

Pectin- Cements together the walls of contiguous cells. Highly hydrophilic polysaccharides, and the water they attract to the cell wall imparts plastic, or pliable properties to the wall for wall expansion

28
Q

Callose

A

Spirally wound chains of glucose residues, oh widely distributed cell wall polysaccharide. Seals plasmodesmata And associate it with the cell plates of dividing cells.

29
Q

Primary wall layers

A

Peroxidases, phosphates, cellulases, and pectinases

30
Q

Fatty substances found in walls (3)

A

Cutin- found in the walls of epidermis

Suberin- found in the walls of the secondary protective tissue, cork

Both substances combine with wax to reduce water loss

31
Q

Cellulose synthase

A

Synthesize cellulose microfibrils in the plasma membrane

32
Q

Mitosis

A

A complete set of previously duplicated chromosomes is allocated to each of the two daughter cells nuclei

33
Q

Cytokinesis

A

A process that divides the entire cell into two cells

34
Q

Cell cycle

A

Watch video

35
Q

Mitosis and cytokinesis

A

Watch video

Botany (9 decks)

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