Chapter 15 Flashcards
Phycologists
Study algae
Mycologists
Study of Fungi
Phytoplankton
Photosynthetic algae and Cyanobacteria, beginning of food chain for heterotrophic organisms in ocean or freshwater
Zooplankton
Tiny crustaceans and larvae of protists and bacteria
Freshwater food chain
Floating or swimming single celled or colonial chrysophytes, diatoms, green algae, and dinoflagellates
Marine food chain
Unicellular or colonial haptophytes, dinoflagellates, and diatoms
How to produce biofuels from algae
(1) Fermentation of the algal biomass
(2) Industrial growth of algae for oil extraction
Pellicle of Euglenoids
The plasma membrane of euglenoids Helical helically arranged protonations strips, which are in the cytosol. These strips maybe flexible or rigid
Reservoir of Euglenoids
Flagellate pocket
Eyespot or stigma of Euglenoids
Light sensing system in euglenoids
Contractile vacuole of Euglenoids
Collects excess water from all parts of the euglenoid cell
Paramylon and Pyrenoid of Euglenoids
Paramylon: Euglenoid do not store starch; instead granules of this unique polysaccharide forms in the cytosol
Pyrenoid: The site of RuBisCO and some other enzymes involved in photosynthesis in Euglenoids
Secondary Endosymbiosis of cryptomonads
Evidence indicates that the cryptomonads arose through the fusion of two different eukaryotic cells, one heterotrophic and the other photosynthetic
Chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum of cryptomonads
This is the outer of the four membranes surrounding the cryptomonad chloroplast which is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Nucleomorph of cryptomonads
A reduced nucleus, the remains of the nucleus of a red algal cell that was ingested and retained for its photosynthetic capabilities by a heterotrophic host
Haptonema of Haptophytes
A thread like structure that extends from the cell along with two flagella of equal length
Coccoliths of Haptophytes
Calcified scales composed of organic material on the outer surface of the cell. Known as the coccolithophorids
Fucoxanthin of Haptophytes
A golden brown carotenoid
Alveolates of Dinoflagellates
Small membrane bounded cavity (alveoli) under their cell surfaces
Mixotrophy
The ability of chlorophyll containing algae such as dinoflagellates to utilize both organic and inorganic carbon sources; such algae are called mixotrophs
Peridinin
Masking carotenoid found in pigmented dinoflagellates, and accessory pigments typical of chrysophytes
Zooxanthellae
yellowish-brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates.
Stramenopiles or heterokonts
Organisms ornamented with a long hairy flagellum and a shorter smooth flagellum
Frustules
A unique feature of diatoms is their two part cell walls, made of polymerized, opaline silica with two overlapping halves
Pennate and centric diatoms
Pennate: bilaterally symmetrical
Centric: Radially symmetrical, more abundant and float easier than pennate
Raphe: pair of pores along one or both valves of pennate diatom
Oogamous
Sexual reproduction in centric diatoms, female gamete is relatively large nonflagellated, male gamete smaller and flagellated
Isogamous
Sexual reproduction in pennate diatoms, both gametes equal in size and nonflagellated
Thallus
A basic simple form of brown alga relatively undifferentiated vegetative body
Laminarin
The reserve storage material in brown algae which is stored in vacuoles
Algin from Kelp
A stabilizer an emulsifier for some foods and for paint and as a coating for paper, from mucilaginous
Mannitol
The primary carbohydrate that is translocated with amino acids
Plurilocular gametangia
The gametophytes of the more primitive brown algae, producing multicellular reproductive structures
Polar rings
Red algae have microtubule organizing centers
Floridean starch
Main food reserves of red algae
Primary pit plugs- interconnects cells within red algae
Secondary pit- The filaments are interconnected
Coralline algae
Calcified red algae, tough and stony within family Corallinaceae
Spheroid
Motile colonies of chlorophyceae
Sporopollenin
Enables zygotes to survive harsh conditions for long periods of time, before germinating, most resistant polymer
Desmids
Freshwater green algae, lack flagella, filamentous, unicellular. Two sections joined by isthmus
Chlorophyte clade vs. Streptophyte clade
Chlorophytes: include most of the green algae
Streptophyte: consists of the charophycean orders coleochaetales and charales, the zygnemataleans, early divergent members of charophycean lineage, bryophytes, and vascular plants
Homothallic vs heterothallic
Homothallic: Sexual reproduction in water molds with male and female organs on the same indiv
Heterothallic: Male and female sex organs on diff indiv water mold
Damping off diseases
Oomycetes that attack a wide variety of economically important crops, killing young seedlings
Pythium species
Chemotaxis
How myxamoebas aggregate, migrating toward a source of cAMP, secreted by the starved myxamoebas
