Chapter 3 Flashcards
An ethnographer would be mostly likely to use what method to study emotion ?
Deep cultural immersion
Japanese college students experiences of positive and negative socially engaging emotions (respect, sympathy , shame , guilt ). This is an example of being ?
Interdependent minded
Which is more commonly reported in interdependent, East Asian cultures ?
Feeling both joy and elation
Elicitors of emotions, such as jealousy, can differ widely between cultures
True or false
True
East Asian cultures value emotional control , what is an example of this ?
Inhibiting the expression of anger
Pure social constructivist
Emotions constructed by cultural values, institutions, and language
Specific biological patterns play little to no role in emotions
Emotions are open systems, can be constructed in many different ways
Pure Darwinian
Emotions are biologically rooted, part of our evolutionary history
Emotions serve specific functions
Emotions are universal across cultures
What is culture ?
A system of ideas and practice that are held common in a group of people who live in the same place at the same time
Human phenomena that cannot be attributed to genetics or biology
Where do we see evidence of culture ?
Reflected in:
-things (material culture )
Ex: buildings, clothes, tools
-thinking (subjective culture )
Ex: characteristic ways of viewing and judging events in the environment; knowledge, norms, views of self versus others, values
Core tenets of cultural psychology
- all of our actions, ideas, feelings, and goals are shaped by our cultural experiences
- we get information through culture
- there are similarities between cultures
- there are differences between cultures
- cultural differences are reflected in values and motivations
Cultural differences in emotion
Meaning ?
US vs. Japan
Comparing ourselves with people from other cultures
US: individualistic “I-self”
Japan: collectivist “We-self”
Cultural influences change ?
- What initiates emotions
- when we show emotions
- our desired emotions
- how we talk about emotions
Culture changes what initiates emotions through what ?
Social norms: the rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society
Culture changes when we express emotions through what?
Displayed rules : learned in the culture or social context
Aka social norms
Individualism vs collectivism
Degree of individualism vs collectivism relates to overall expressivity
More individualistic cultures (USA) are more expressive than more collectivist cultures (Japan)
Culture changes our desires emotions through what ?
Affect variation
How do we value different emotions
_______ cultures tend to value low arousal ideal affect, whereas _____ cultures ten to value high arousal ideal affect
Collectivist ; independent
Infaluk
Who are they ?
Their view of ker? What is ker ?
South Pacific population
Ker = happiness/ excitement
In Ifaluk ker should be avoided as it can be seen as too please with oneself ; one should be calm and gentle
Culture changes how we talk about emotions through what (2 ways)?
Hypercognized
Hupocognized
Hypercognized
Emphasized in a culture , become objects of discussion, has elaborated cognitive structure usually seen with rich vocabularies
Ex: western culture over emphasized love by constantly talking about it , emojis , romance novels , romantic comedies
Hypocognized
Underemphasized in a society limited cognitive structure (few words for)
Differences in appraisals/ interpretations
- some emotions can be more sensitive to culture
- culture specifically at one level can be culture non-specific at more general level
- different used of appraisals despite universality in appraisal patterns
Culture of gender
Men tend to report less emotion, unless they are told to elaborate
Women tend to express more emotion on their faces
Cultural influences change ?
- emotion social norms
- display rules
- affective valuation
- hypercognized and hypocognized emotions
- cognitions/ appraisals
Cultural researchers argue
The experience of different emotions is not really comparable across cultures
Not having a word for something , changes the very nature of our experience
Culture guides, and even determines the emotions that we study
Alan Fridlund
Opposing view to Ekman’s “display rules “
- emotion expressions are always communicative; signaling of intentions to others
- readability of expressions thus depends on the audience
Who argues “Its not a display rule , the emotion changes “
Alan Fridlund
Dialectical thinking about dimensional emotions (happy and sad ) in western cultures vs collectivist cultures ?
Western : think of good and bad as opposing and contradictory
Collectivist :think two lines fit better
Ex: not happy and happy
Not sad and sad
which components of emotion are sensitive to culture ?
- subjective feeling
- expression (face, body, voice)
- physiological changes
- action (tendency )
- condition appraisal
Cultural differences in emotions exist, and need to be accounted for in a variable theory of emotion
T or F
True
A great deal of emotional experience is ______.
Learned
