Chapter 1 Flashcards
Our understanding of emotions is still developing.
True or false
True
Which founder of emotion theorized that emotion is the perception of changes in our bodies as we react to a stimulus.
William James
The consensus for emotion researchers is that emotions are ?
Locally rational
Emotions let us deal adaptively with concerns specific to our context
What happened to Phineas Gage?
A metal rod fully passed through his head, leaving him irritable and unreliable
I don’t really know why, but I’be been somewhat irritable the past few days. In this case irritable is best described as an example of a ….
Mood
What conclusions do the textbook authors describe after summarizing the leading theories of emotion?
There is a behavioral, physiological, and experiential facet of emotion
________ suggested ______ shaped our emotional expressions?
Charles Darwin; evolution
Evolutionary approach
William James
The emotion is the perception of changes of our body as we react to that fact
physiological approach
Who were the first to discussed emotions in 1500 BCE and ~170 CE?
1500 BCE : ancient Egyptians described emotions
~170 CE: Galen of Pergamon , a Greek, writes on how to use “talk therapy” to alter emotions
Emotion
A psychological state that mediates between our concerns (or goals) and events of our world
Ex: anger motivating a solution to perceived wrongdoing by someone else
Emotions are thought to be important for :
Motivating action: survival and adaptation; planning for the future
Depriving meaning: attempting to understand particular events
For emotions to be functional, they should prepare us to what ?
Act
Function of emotions (3)
Emotions :
- signal to an organism those events or situations that are significant, harmful or favorable
- motivate adaptive behavior
- act as positive or negative reinforces
Common-sense emotion theory
Event —> experience—-> adaptive behavior / physiology
Function and action tendency of fear, happiness, anger and sadness ?
Fear: to avoid harm; avoidance behavior
Happiness: to permit consummatory behavior; being-with/approach
Anger: to regain control; attack/threat
Sadness: to cease attempt to attain unrealizable goal; disengagement
Emotions are associated with ?
Components (5)
Subjective feeling
Expression (face,voice, body)
Physiological changes
Action (tendency )
Cognition (“appraisal “)
Discrete approach
Happy, sad, angry disgusted , fearful , surprised are all categorically different
Dimensional approach
All discrete emotions can be explained by superordinate dimensions
Ex: valence and activation/ arousal
Dimensional approach
Pro and con ?
Pro: useful, makes it easy to assess self-reported feelings
Con: limited by their dimensions; unclear whether anger, disgust, and awe be on the same axes
Seconds-minutes is ?
Expressions
Autonomic changes
Minutes-hours ?
Self-reported emotions
Hours-months ?
Moods
Weeks-years ?
emotional disorders
Years-lifetime ?
Personality traits
Four theoretical perspectives on emotion
Darwinian
Jamesian
Cognitive
Social constructivist
Darwinian
Definition ?
What Approach ?
Study what?
Evolution defines emotions
Evolutionary approach
Study: expressions in animals and human photos
Darwinian theory of evolution and natural selection applied to emotion implies ?
Animals must have some form of emotions
Emotions are innate
Emotions are functional and adaptive
Jamesian
Definition?
What approach ?
The body is where emotions begin
Physiological approach
The perception of bodily changes in response to outward events creates emotion.
Which theory ?
Jamesian
Emotion refers to _______ feeling ?
Subjective
James-Lange theory steps
Event —-> adaptive physiology—-> experience
Jamesian suggested emotions are what ?
Adaptive; they have survival value
Each emotion must be accompanied by a unique pattern of bodily response
Cognitive
Definition?
Our thoughts are where emotions begin
Thought and emotion are inseparable
Emotions arise because of appraisal, the process by which events are judge good or bad
Two factor model
Event —-> thoughts and adaptive behavior /physiology —-> experience
Cognitive theories propose ?
That discrete emotions are elicited by a unique combination of specific appraisal dimensions
Appraisals are not necessarily deliberate
Social constructivist
Definition ?
Emotions only exist within the complex social circumstances within which they are expressed
Social constructivists believe emotions are?
- products of culture and experience
- a transitory social role
- cultural products of learned social rules
Which theory believes emotions are associated with the attitudes, beliefs, judgments, and desires that reflect the values of particular events
Social constructivist
According to social constructivists emotions are constructed by _______ to serve _______ ______.
Culture; social functions
Modal Model of emotion
Emotions arise when an individual attends to a situation and they involve changes in the domains of subjective experience, behavior , and central and peripheral physiology
Emotion generative cycle components
Situation | Attention | Appraisal | Multisystem response
*emotions can occur by the mix of these four things
