Chapter 2

Question 1

A student of Darwinian theory might argue that modern humans are inclined toward social behaviors because those behaviors afforded out ancestors a fitness advantage

True or false

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of genes programming us?

Being emotionally drawn to food

Being fearful and protecting our bodies from danger

Being interested in sex, love, or lust , enabling our genders to pass on to the next generation

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

Scientists, such as Robin Dunbar, have hypothesized that ___ and _____ replaced grooming as the glue that holds society together?

Answer 3

Laughter and conversation

Question 4

The positive emotional response to baby-like features could be an example of a _______ for protecting one’s offspring

Answer 4

Adaption

Question 5

Principles of natural selection

Answer 5

Superabundance

Variation

Selection

Question 6

Superabundance

Answer 6

Produce more offspring than necessary to copy themselves

Question 7

Evolutionary psychology

Definition

Core contributors

Answer 7

Psychology will be based on a new foundation , that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation

David Buss

Question 8

Core tenets of evolutionary psychology

Answer 8

• input is necessary
• all psychological mechanisms are shaped by evolution
• selection is how evolution creates psychological adaptations

Question 9

Core tenets of evolutionary psychology con’td

Answer 9

psychological adaptations are:

• information processing devices (they identify and provide solutions to adaptive problems )
• instantiated in the brain
• functional

Question 10

Adaptation

Answer 10

genetically based traits that allow the organism to cope well with specific selection pressures , and to survive and reproduce

Question 11

Innate fear ? Animals exposed to snakes experiment finding ?

Answer 11

Animals that have never been exposed to snakes were slower to retrieve food and withdraw more frequently when exposed to a fake snake

Question 12

Emotion and the Four F’s

Ethnologist have come up with major categories for fixed action patterns, that are selected for based on selection. What are the four categories?

Answer 12

Fighting
Feeding
Fleeing
Mating

Question 13

How do emotions help for adaptation

Answer 13

Emotions :

• draw attention to problems
• keep attention on problems, until problems are solved
• different emotions are adapted to socks different kinds of problems

Question 14

Examples of adaptations

Answer 14

Avoid eating toxins= distare for bitterness

Find health mate= perceive facial symmetry as beautiful

Find fertile mate= preference for mate with youthful appearance

Question 15

Evolutionary “just so stories”

Answer 15

Each story tells how a particular animal was modified from an original from to its current from by the acts of man, or some magical being

Question 16

Are emotions innate? If so what we can we use to tell

Answer 16

We can tell through expressions in babies

Question 17

Are there innate emotions ? Evidence

Babies ?

Barridge : the face of liking ?

Matsumoto ?

Answer 17

Babies make context appropriate expressions that we tend to recognize as emotional

Rodents perform some of the same actions as babies in response to sweet and bitter tastes

Blind athletes show context appropriate expressions of emotion

Question 18

Altruistic punishment

Answer 18

Rejecting unfair offers in a one-shot anonymous interaction, at personal expense

A behavior that is cross-culturally conserved

Question 19

The purpose is that there is no benefit to the individual, the purpose is solely to punish unfairness

This refers to the motivation known as ?

Answer 19

Inequality aversion

Question 20

Animals must have some from of inequality aversion ?

Yes or no

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Is inequality aversion innate ?

Answer 21

Maybe, hard to test , but it does look to be cross-cultural

Question 22

Evolutionary approach to inequality aversion

Answer 22

Theorists suggest that recent evolution in humans may have worked to shape out emotional response to inequality

Question 23

Darwin’s principles of expressions

Answer 23

• the principle of serviceable associated habits (it has to have a function)
• the principal of antithesis (the opposite function should have the opposite expression)
• the principle of direct action of the nervous system ( it should not be necessarily voluntary)

Question 24

When researchers reversed the movements required to make a face to create anti-expressions what did they find about the expressions of fear and disgust ?

Answer 24

People perceived anti-fear as disgust and anti-disgust as fear

Question 25

Findings of participants posing fear/disgust faces while performing visual tasks

Answer 25

Posing emotional expressions changed sensitivity to information in the visual field and associated with the openness of the eyes

Peoples eye movements were faster when they were making fear faces

Question 26

Findings of participants posing fear/disgust faces while breathing in ?

Answer 26

People inhaled more and faster when they were making a fear face

Question 27

Findings of participants posing fear/disgust faces while measuring nasal cavity ?

Answer 27

Posing a fear face lead to greater space inside participants nasal cavity, when compared to disgust faces

Question 28

Three social motivations and one antisocial motivation

Answer 28

Attachment (protection)
Assertion (power)
Affiliation (affection)

Hostility