chapter 3

Question 1

lexical semantics

Answer 1

the study of word meaning

aims to represent the meaning of every word in a particular language and show how these meanings are interrelated

Question 2

morpheme

Answer 2

the minimal unit of syntax that conveys meaning

Question 3

free morphemes/roots

Answer 3

convey basic meaning of a word and can stand alone

Question 4

bound morphemes

Answer 4

attach to free morphemes to form stems

they cannot stand alone and convey minimal meaning

Question 5

lexicon

Answer 5

a list of all words in a language

Question 6

lexeme

Answer 6

each word in a lexicon

Question 7

what are the challenges when creating a lexicon (10)

Answer 7

phrasal verbs
collocations
idioms
homonyms
polysemous words
synonyms and antonyms
hyponyms and hypernyms
meronyms

Question 8

phrasal verbs

Answer 8

typically consist of a verb plus a preoposition which together form a single semantic word
meanings of phrasal verbs are unique to the person and cannot be derived from meanings of words by themselves

Question 9

preoposition

Answer 9

a word governing and usually preceding a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to the word
introduces a word or phrase called its object and links the object to other words in the sentence

Question 10

example of a preposition

Answer 10

up, down, before, after,

Question 11

collocation

Answer 11

combination of words that often occur together and the meaning becomes fixed through repeated usage but can still be derived from the meaning of individual words

Question 12

what may happen to collocations over time?

Answer 12

the might become idioms

Question 13

what are some collocations

Answer 13

strong tea, bright future, keep a secret

Question 14

idioms

Answer 14

group of words that has acquired an idiosyncratic (unique) meaning over time
straightforward meanings easily derived from the meaning of each constituent word but they no longer do

Question 15

example of an idiom

Answer 15

spilled the beans
cat out of the bag
keep an eye
kicked the bucket

Question 16

homonyms

Answer 16

words which are phonologically the same but have different unrelated meanings

Question 17

what are the 4 types of homonyms

Answer 17

words spelled the same and of the same grammatical category (lap)
words spelled differently and of diff grammatical cat (knot, not)
words spelled the same and of diff gram cat (fly, fly bug)

Question 18

polysemous words

Answer 18

phonologically the same and have different meanings that can be understood by looking at etomology

Question 19

example of polysemous words

Answer 19

bank, lap

Question 20

synonyms

Answer 20

words which have the same or similar meanings

usually come from different dialects

Question 21

anyonyms

Answer 21

words which have opposite meaning

Question 22

hyponyms and hypernym

Answer 22

words that stand in a rigid part-whole relationship

can be expressed by tree diagrams

Question 23

hypernym

Answer 23

a superordinate category ex color

Question 24

hyponym

Answer 24

members of a superordinate (yellow, green)

Question 25

meronyms

Answer 25

words that stand in a part-whole relationship
relationship is more flexible that that existing between
hypernyms and hyponyms

Question 26

example of meronyms

Answer 26

car –> engine door window

trees–> branches, leaves

Question 27

derivation

Answer 27

many words are derived by other words ex happy, happiness

Question 28

inchoactive aspect

Answer 28

indicates the process of beginning or changing state indicated by adding the suffix “n”
ex: darken

Question 29

agentive nouns

Answer 29

adding suffix “er”
changes a verb into a noun
an entity who performs and action indicated by the verb

Question 30

how many colors do that dani have

Answer 30

2

light and dark

Question 31

what did berlin and kay find with different cultures

Answer 31

cultures divide up and name the color spectrum into 2-12 basic colours in a predictable pattern

Question 32

how many colors did tiv know

Answer 32

3

pupu: black, green, and blue
ii: yellow
nyian: white

Question 33

when a culture knows 3 colors what do they usually differentiate between

Answer 33

black white red

Question 34

when a culture knows 4 colors what do they usually differentiate between

Answer 34

black white red yellow

Question 35

when a culture knows 5 colors what do they usually differentiate between

Answer 35

black white red yellow green

Question 36

when a culture knows 6 colors what do they usually differentiate between

Answer 36

black white red yellow green blue

Question 37

when a culture knows 7 colors what do they usually differentiate between

Answer 37

black white red yellow green blue

then either purple pink orange grey

Question 38

how many colors did the hanunoo know

Answer 38

4

Question 39

how many colors did the swampy cree know

Answer 39

5

Question 40

how many colors does mandarin indicate

Answer 40

6

Question 41

how many colors does the javanese indicate

Answer 41

7

Question 42

how many colors did the urdu know

Answer 42

8

Question 43

how many colors did the catalan know

Answer 43

9

Question 44

how many colors did the malay know

Answer 44

10

Question 45

how many basic colors are there in english

Answer 45

11

Question 46

semantic primes

Answer 46

represent basic innate concepts akin to the words on a swadesh list
they are combined through an innate system of syntax to form a metalanguage that underlies the structure of all natural languages