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Semantics > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

refering

A

convey info about the real world

something you can make a mental picture of

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2
Q

denoting

A

a property of words

stable relationship in a language that is not dependent on any one use of a word

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3
Q

what is the basic premise or Referential/Denotational theories

A

that we can give the meaning of words and sentences by showing how they relate to situations

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4
Q

Representational Approach

A

language represents a theory about reality about the types of things and situations in the world
a speaker can choose to view the same situation different ways

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5
Q

does referring involve open or closed classes?

A

open classes including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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6
Q

Variable reference

A

deixis or pointing words

referring words

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7
Q

do variable references involve open or closed classes?

A

closed including personal pronouns, demenstratives

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8
Q

non-referring

A

covey grammatical info

cant form a mental picture

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9
Q

do non referring words involve closed or open classes?

A

closed including prepositions, articles, conjuctions

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10
Q

what is an open class

A

content words
semantic content/reference
includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
derivational morphemes (roots) in polysynthetic languages

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11
Q

what is a closed class

A 
function words
dont hook onto the real world
includes pro-forms, adjectives, and conjunctions
inflectional morphemes (prefixes or suffixes) in polysynthetic languages
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12
Q

what are the 3 major structures of language

A

polysynthetic languages
isolation languages
agglutinating languages

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13
Q

polysynthetic languages

A

languages that have large words

they have many derivational morphemes within one word

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14
Q

isolation languages

A

have 1-3 morphemes for root

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15
Q

agglutination languages

A

compounding of words with 1-2 morphemes

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16
Q

common nouns

A

refer to identify classes of people places or things

ex: mayors, municipalities, elections

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17
Q

proper nouns

A

refer to names of a particular person, place or thing

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18
Q

Description theory

A

names are labels for referent
network of associated concepts define a name
understanding a name and identifying the referent are both dependent on associating the name wth the right description

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19
Q

Casual Theory

A

surnames are inherited or acquired through marriage

first names are often borrowed

20
Q

what can nouns and noun phrases be used for

A

to refer definite and indefinite noun phrases
can opperate like names to pick out an individual
can differ depending on if the speaker is known or not

21
Q

____ noun phrases can form definite descriptions where the referent is whoever or whatever fits the description

A

definite

22
Q

quantifiers

A

a class of words that in english include: each, all, every, some none, no

23
Q

reference (4)

A

how language hooks onto entities and events in the world
focus on how speakers use words to refer to reality
ephermeal and changing property of discourse
the way people refer to reality through discourse

24
Q

Sense (4)

A

how language forms coherent systems; not directly connected to the world
focus on how classes of words and sentences are organized
fixed and permanent property of language
the way language denotes reality

25
Q

____ is a form of mental representation which provides an image of the real world based on resemblance

A

sense

26
Q

what are the 5 stages jean piaget observed

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

27
Q

sensory motor stage

A

0-2
children experience the world through movements and their senses
egocentric view of the world

28
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7
through play children develop the ability to use symbols and language
still egocentric

29
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11

children begin to think logically, develop a sense of self and empathy towards others

30
Q

formal operational stage

A

11-16

children master abstract though and metacognition

31
Q

image schema

A

mental abstractions of space, time, and movement rooted in human sensorimotor experience
dumbed down short form of though
rooted in sensorimotor experience

32
Q

what are the basic rules babies seem to realize?

A

image schemas

33
Q

prototypes

A

simplify and organize on the basis of family resemblances

have radial structure with fuzzy boundaries

34
Q

metaphors

A

classically taken to be a form of linguistic expression

35
Q

what are metaphors based on

A

image schemas

36
Q

what does lakoff think about metaphors?

A

they are an ubiquitous form of cognitive cross domain mapping

37
Q

conceptual hierarchies

A

words are in set of semantic links with other words

conceptual structures are similarily linked

38
Q

what did frans boas find

A

four field approach of american anthropology

39
Q

what did frans boas find important

A

field work and the problem with armchair theorizing

40
Q

linguistic relativity

A

aka sapir-whorf hypothesis
language determines thought
culture influences language which then influences how we think

41
Q

LOT hypothesis

A

thought consists of elementary ideas that are combined through a form of syntax to generate complex ideas
lot is universal and underlies how we think and speak

42
Q

objectivism

A

grounded in ontology
claims the existence of a world beyond what we can comprehend
favours lot hyp

43
Q

mental constructivism

A

grounded epistemology
claims that the world as we perceive and understand is purely a mental construct
favours linguistic relativity

44
Q

ontology

A

branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of being and the structure of reality

45
Q

epistemology

A

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of knowledge

46
Q

what is the process used when i see a bird and compare it to a sparrow to figure out what it is

A

prototype

Semantics (9 decks)

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