Chapter 3 Flashcards
DNA bases ?
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
RNA bases?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Mitochondrial DNA
mtDNA
DNA found in the mitochondria
Inherited only from the mother
Mitosis
somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells from one parent cell
Same exact number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis
Involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes
Cell division in specialized in making ONLY gametes (sex cells)
crossing over, causing a reshuffling of the
genetic material, making more genetic diversity and
different combinations of genes
Functions of DNA?
Stores genetic information that controls he cell’s functions
Main component of chromosomes
DNA replication
Produce?
Steps?
Process of DNA copying
Produces 2 sister chromatids
DNA —transcription—> RNA—translation—> protein
Protein synthesis
The making of proteins
Assembly of of chains of amino acids into functional proteins molecules
DNA—(transcription)—RNA—
Transcription
DNA unzips, creating a template for RNA
Translation
MRNA template attaches to ribosome
of coding (protein-producing) vs non-coding DNA?
2% code for protein
98% non coding
Homeotic (Hox) genes
An evolutionary ancient group of regulatory genes
Directs segmentation of the body during embryonic development
Role of our genes?
Specify the order of amino acids in an entire proteins, a part of a protein or any functional product
Fitness
Pertaining to natural selection
A measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals
Can be measured by an individual’s genetic contribution to the next generation compared with that of other individuals
Gametes
Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes
Somatic (body) cells
ALL the cells in the body except those involved with reproduction
Mutations
Somatic vs. gametes
A change/ error in DNA replication
Changes in DNA bases or in chromosome number and or structure
Random and can be caused by environmental factors
Somatic: don’t get passed down
Gametes: get passed down
Mutations
Important?
Types?
Only source of new genetic variation in a population
Point, synonymous, non-synonymous
Point mutation
Single nitrogen base gets replaced with another base
Synonymous mutation
The code is altered, but the alteration carries the original amino acid, so no change in protein comes about
Non synonymous mutations
Results in a matchup that brings along a different amino acid
Chromosomes
Made up of DNA and proteins
Autosomes
Carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics except primary sex determination
False statement of nondisjunction?
Occurs only in mitosis
Zygote
Has the potential to develop into a new individual
