Chapter 3

Question 1

DNA bases ?

Answer 1

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

Question 2

RNA bases?

Answer 2

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

Question 3

Mitochondrial DNA

mtDNA

Answer 3

DNA found in the mitochondria

Inherited only from the mother

Question 4

Mitosis

Answer 4

somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells from one parent cell

Same exact number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

Involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing only half the original number of chromosomes

Cell division in specialized in making ONLY gametes (sex cells)

crossing over, causing a reshuffling of the
genetic material, making more genetic diversity and
different combinations of genes

Question 6

Functions of DNA?

Answer 6

Stores genetic information that controls he cell’s functions

Main component of chromosomes

Question 7

DNA replication

Produce?

Steps?

Answer 7

Process of DNA copying

Produces 2 sister chromatids

DNA —transcription—> RNA—translation—> protein

Question 8

Protein synthesis

Answer 8

The making of proteins

Assembly of of chains of amino acids into functional proteins molecules

DNA—(transcription)—RNA—

Question 9

Transcription

Answer 9

DNA unzips, creating a template for RNA

Question 10

Translation

Answer 10

MRNA template attaches to ribosome

Question 11

of coding (protein-producing) vs non-coding DNA?

Answer 11

2% code for protein

98% non coding

Question 12

Homeotic (Hox) genes

Answer 12

An evolutionary ancient group of regulatory genes

Directs segmentation of the body during embryonic development

Question 13

Role of our genes?

Answer 13

Specify the order of amino acids in an entire proteins, a part of a protein or any functional product

Question 14

Fitness

Answer 14

Pertaining to natural selection

A measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals

Can be measured by an individual’s genetic contribution to the next generation compared with that of other individuals

Question 15

Gametes

Answer 15

Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes

Question 16

Somatic (body) cells

Answer 16

ALL the cells in the body except those involved with reproduction

Question 17

Mutations

Somatic vs. gametes

Answer 17

A change/ error in DNA replication

Changes in DNA bases or in chromosome number and or structure

Random and can be caused by environmental factors

Somatic: don’t get passed down
Gametes: get passed down

Question 18

Mutations

Important?

Types?

Answer 18

Only source of new genetic variation in a population

Point, synonymous, non-synonymous

Question 19

Point mutation

Answer 19

Single nitrogen base gets replaced with another base

Question 20

Synonymous mutation

Answer 20

The code is altered, but the alteration carries the original amino acid, so no change in protein comes about

Question 21

Non synonymous mutations

Answer 21

Results in a matchup that brings along a different amino acid

Question 22

Chromosomes

Answer 22

Made up of DNA and proteins

Question 23

Autosomes

Answer 23

Carry genetic information influencing all physical characteristics except primary sex determination

Question 24

False statement of nondisjunction?

Answer 24

Occurs only in mitosis

Question 25

Zygote

Answer 25

Has the potential to develop into a new individual