Chapter 10 Flashcards
Complete Replacement/ Out-of-Africa Model
Modern H. Sapiens first evolved in Africa and hen spread to Asia and Europe replacing archaic H. Sapiens
Multi regional continuity model
The transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement
Gene exchange between the distinct evolutionary lines (H. sapiens and H. Erectus)
Assimilation- or partial replacement model
Modern humans evolved first in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia
Once hey arrived modern humans underwent gene flow with Neanderthals
What did assimilation-partial replacement led to?
Genetic diversity in modern H. Sapiens sapiens
Anatomical characteristics associated with bipedalism
Foramen magnum is directly beneath the skull
S-shaped spine
Longer legs than arms
Non opposable big toe
Pelvis is short and broad (bowl-shaped)
Thighbones that angle in towards the knees
directed to side of the body
Double-arched foot
Anatomical characteristics associated with arboreal adaptations
Quadruped foramen magnum is more towards the back of the skull
Pelvis is long, directed toward the back of the body
Environments that brought about the 1st bipedal hominins
Patchy forests fragmented and food became dispersed
Rodman and McHenry’s patchy forest hypothesis (bipedalism evolved)
As forests became patchy and fragmented, bipedalism freed the hands to pick up food allowing for both tree and ground food resources to be exploited
More energy-efficient
Owen lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis (bipedalism evolved)
Bipedalism freed Dad’s hands and enhanced the survival of the mother and her offspring by bringing home the bacon and being the protective patriarch
Australopithecines
4-1 mya
Seven species
Relatively small brains
Small canines
Vary in size and robusticity
From small and gracile to large and robust
Laetoli site in Tanzania
Footprints demonstrated that the foot of afarensis was humanlike in having:
A rounded heel
A non divergent big toe
A double arch
Premodern Homo sapiens
Consider to be the immediate predecessors to modern Homo sapiens
Wood spears challenge?
Some assumptions about the hunting capabilities of premodern humans
Shanidar cave is extraordinary in that one buried individual
Had severed cranial trauma and loss of the use of the right limb and yet lived beyond these trauma, presumably cared for by others
Supposed grace goods found in Neanderthal burials include?
Bone and stone tools along with animal bones
