Chapter 10

Question 1

Complete Replacement/ Out-of-Africa Model

Answer 1

Modern H. Sapiens first evolved in Africa and hen spread to Asia and Europe replacing archaic H. Sapiens

Question 2

Multi regional continuity model

Answer 2

The transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement

Gene exchange between the distinct evolutionary lines (H. sapiens and H. Erectus)

Question 3

Assimilation- or partial replacement model

Answer 3

Modern humans evolved first in Africa, then spread to Europe and Asia

Once hey arrived modern humans underwent gene flow with Neanderthals

Question 4

What did assimilation-partial replacement led to?

Answer 4

Genetic diversity in modern H. Sapiens sapiens

Question 5

Anatomical characteristics associated with bipedalism

Answer 5

Foramen magnum is directly beneath the skull

S-shaped spine
Longer legs than arms
Non opposable big toe

Pelvis is short and broad (bowl-shaped)
Thighbones that angle in towards the knees
directed to side of the body

Double-arched foot

Question 6

Anatomical characteristics associated with arboreal adaptations

Answer 6

Quadruped foramen magnum is more towards the back of the skull

Pelvis is long, directed toward the back of the body

Question 7

Environments that brought about the 1st bipedal hominins

Answer 7

Patchy forests fragmented and food became dispersed

Question 8

Rodman and McHenry’s patchy forest hypothesis (bipedalism evolved)

Answer 8

As forests became patchy and fragmented, bipedalism freed the hands to pick up food allowing for both tree and ground food resources to be exploited

More energy-efficient

Question 9

Owen lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis (bipedalism evolved)

Answer 9

Bipedalism freed Dad’s hands and enhanced the survival of the mother and her offspring by bringing home the bacon and being the protective patriarch

Question 10

Australopithecines

Answer 10

4-1 mya

Seven species

Relatively small brains
Small canines
Vary in size and robusticity
From small and gracile to large and robust

Question 11

Laetoli site in Tanzania

Answer 11

Footprints demonstrated that the foot of afarensis was humanlike in having:

A rounded heel
A non divergent big toe
A double arch

Question 12

Premodern Homo sapiens

Answer 12

Consider to be the immediate predecessors to modern Homo sapiens

Question 13

Wood spears challenge?

Answer 13

Some assumptions about the hunting capabilities of premodern humans

Question 14

Shanidar cave is extraordinary in that one buried individual

Answer 14

Had severed cranial trauma and loss of the use of the right limb and yet lived beyond these trauma, presumably cared for by others

Question 15

Supposed grace goods found in Neanderthal burials include?

Answer 15

Bone and stone tools along with animal bones

Question 16

Intermixing of the Neanderthal and the modern human lineages occurred ?

Answer 16

Between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago

Question 17

The main effect of fluctuating climates in Africa during the Pleistocene was to change rainfall patterns

True or false

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Neanderthals are a fully separate biological species from modern humans and therefore theoretically incapable of fertilely interbreeding with modern people

True or false

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Denisovians

Answer 19

Another branch of hominins living side by side in Asia with Neanderthals and modern humans