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Anatomy and Phys > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cytology

A

study of structure and function of cells. Somatic and sex cells

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

physical membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell, sensitive and provides structural support

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3
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

phospholipid bi-layer where you have polar hydrophilic heads and non polor hydrophobic tails on the inside very selective keeping inside and outside different.

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4
Q

membrane proteins

A

peripheral and integral

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5
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to inner or outer surface of the membrane

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

function as anchors, regocginition, enzymes, receptors, carrier proteins, channels, electron transfer proteins

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7
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A

lubricate, protect, anchor recpetors, recognize

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8
Q

membrane transport

A

acitive- energy and passive no energy

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9
Q

diffusion

A

passive involves distance, size, temperature, and movement direction depend on concentration

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10
Q

simple diffusion

A

non polar lipids solutes hydrophobic diffuse directly through the membrane

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11
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive large or charged molecules that are unable to pass through the plasma membrane unaided, involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier

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12
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water. always go to where you have a higher solute concentration

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13
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration in and out of the cell

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

lower solute concentration, dilute solution, water flows into the cell,cell starts to swell

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration, cell shrinks, water flows out of the cell

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16
Q

filitration

A

passive depends on size of pores and pressure

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17
Q

facilitated carrier mediated transport

A

carrier proteins transporting solutes

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18
Q

active transport carrier mediated transport

A

uses energy and carry proteins, very important in transport ions

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19
Q

vesicular transport

A

substances move in and out of the cell in vessicles

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20
Q

endocytosis

A

important in to the cell Example- Iron Viruses, Insulin

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21
Q

receptor-mediated

A

forme at the membrane

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22
Q

pinocytosis

A

vessels are filled with extracellular fluid

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23
Q

phagocystosis

A

vessels containing solids

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24
Q

exocytosis

A

going out of the cell. vessels inside the that move fluids and solids outside of the cells

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25
Q

cytoplasm

A

anything outside the nuclear envelope inside membrane outside nucleus

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26
Q

cytosol

A

intracelluar, inside the cell potassium low sodium has water high number of proteins lipids low carbs

27
Q

nonmembranous organelles

A

cytoskeleton, microfilaments, intermediate, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, microtubules

28
Q

cytoskelton

A

internal protein frame work strength and flexibility

29
Q

microfilaments

A

proteins strands mostly actin involved in motility. movements found in muscle phagel site (white blood cell eating bacteria)

30
Q

intermediate filiaments

A

provide support to maintain the shape of the cell

31
Q

thick fillaments

A

mostly bundled myosin protein subunits found in muscle cell and helpt to produce contractions

32
Q

microtubles

A

found in all cells has a protein called tubulin which forms primary components of the cytoskelton gives strength and helps anchor organelles. Forms the spindle during mitosis

33
Q

microvilli

A

increase the cells surface area

34
Q

centrioles

A

microtubles found in groups of 3 forming the spindle apparatus

35
Q

cetromsomes

A

cells center near the nucleus surronding the centrioles organizes the spindle

36
Q

cilia

A

9 pairs of micro tubulars short helps move material over surface

37
Q

flagella

A

large than cilia example tail of sperm movement

38
Q

ribosomes

A

assemble amino acids into proteins two subunits. light and heavy. Free (throughout cytoplasma) and Fixed (attached to the ER)

39
Q

mitochondria

A

power house kidney shaped double membrane organelle produces ATP from carbs especially glucose

40
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

intracellular membrane connected to the nucleus smooth and rough

41
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids, steroid, hormones glycerides and glycogen. detoxification of drugs and toxins, storage of calcium and large molecules

42
Q

rough ER

A

makes proteins outer surface has ribosomes where proteins are synthesised and moves to the golgi apparatus and vesicles

43
Q

golgi apparatus

A

flattened disc called sacuals close to ER and nucleus. synthesis and package secretion for exocytosis and cyotsoles

44
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles from golgi apparatus that contain enzymes and break down food debris bacteria and bone for release a calcium

45
Q

peroxisomes

A

smaller than lysosomes carry different enzymes most abundant in the liver to detoxify toxin and oxygize of free radicals

46
Q

3 cells types of cells junctions

A

tight gap desmosomes

47
Q

tight junctions

A

adjacent integral proteins fuzzed prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between the cells including water

48
Q

gap junctions

A

channel proteins forming pores (connexoxex) small molecule through

49
Q

desesomes

A

rivets that anchor the cells together where the cell is thicker on the plasma membrane acts cellular cement prevents cells from pulling apart when stressed Example cardiac muscles

50
Q

nucleus

A

control center largest organelle has a nuclear envelope phoso lipid double membrane barrier separated by a peri nuclear space

51
Q

nuclear envelope

A

nucleoplasm (fluid content of your nucleus) and has a nuclear matrix

52
Q

chromosome structure

A

DNA, nucleoli and genetic code

53
Q

DNA

A

contains hereditary information DNA is in the chromosome. wrapped around proteins called histones forming a complex known as a nucleosome and when not dividing DNA is in thread like strands called chromatin they condense into bar like bodies call chromosomes when the start to divide

54
Q

nucleoli

A

has one or two dark stain nuclear organelles contains DNA coding for synthesizing ribosomal RNA

55
Q

genetic code

A

triplet which is three bases each gene contains all the triplets to produce a certain protein

56
Q

Protein synthesis 2 steps

A

transcription and translation

57
Q

transcription 3 phases

A

initiation, elongation and termination

58
Q

transcription initiation

A

DNA strands unwind and content is exposed

59
Q

transciption elongation

A

RNA polymerase travels along the strand moving triplet to triplet making a messenger RNA strand. each triplet on the DNA corresponds to a codon on the messenger RNA 45 different types

60
Q

transcription termination

A

at a stop sign transcription ends messenger RNA is edited to get rid of Introns and enters the cytoplasm

61
Q

translation

A

happens in the cytoplasm requires atp proteins and enzymes

62
Q

messenger RNA

A

bonds to light ribosomal subunits and scan for the start codon

63
Q

polyribosomes

A

a series of ribosomes attached to the same strand of messenger RNA producing many polypeptide molecules in a short time

Anatomy and Phys (5 decks)

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