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Anatomy and Phys > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cytology

A

study of structure and function of cells. Somatic and sex cells

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

physical membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell, sensitive and provides structural support

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3
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

phospholipid bi-layer where you have polar hydrophilic heads and non polor hydrophobic tails on the inside very selective keeping inside and outside different.

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4
Q

membrane proteins

A

peripheral and integral

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5
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to inner or outer surface of the membrane

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

function as anchors, regocginition, enzymes, receptors, carrier proteins, channels, electron transfer proteins

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7
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A

lubricate, protect, anchor recpetors, recognize

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8
Q

membrane transport

A

acitive- energy and passive no energy

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9
Q

diffusion

A

passive involves distance, size, temperature, and movement direction depend on concentration

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10
Q

simple diffusion

A

non polar lipids solutes hydrophobic diffuse directly through the membrane

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11
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive large or charged molecules that are unable to pass through the plasma membrane unaided, involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier

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12
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water. always go to where you have a higher solute concentration

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13
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration in and out of the cell

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

lower solute concentration, dilute solution, water flows into the cell,cell starts to swell

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration, cell shrinks, water flows out of the cell

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16
Q

filitration

A

passive depends on size of pores and pressure

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17
Q

facilitated carrier mediated transport

A

carrier proteins transporting solutes

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18
Q

active transport carrier mediated transport

A

uses energy and carry proteins, very important in transport ions

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19
Q

vesicular transport

A

substances move in and out of the cell in vessicles

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20
Q

endocytosis

A

important in to the cell Example- Iron Viruses, Insulin

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21
Q

receptor-mediated

A

forme at the membrane

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22
Q

pinocytosis

A

vessels are filled with extracellular fluid

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23
Q

phagocystosis

A

vessels containing solids

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24
Q

exocytosis

A

going out of the cell. vessels inside the that move fluids and solids outside of the cells

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25
cytoplasm
anything outside the nuclear envelope inside membrane outside nucleus
26
cytosol
intracelluar, inside the cell potassium low sodium has water high number of proteins lipids low carbs
27
nonmembranous organelles
cytoskeleton, microfilaments, intermediate, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, microtubules
28
cytoskelton
internal protein frame work strength and flexibility
29
microfilaments
proteins strands mostly actin involved in motility. movements found in muscle phagel site (white blood cell eating bacteria)
30
intermediate filiaments
provide support to maintain the shape of the cell
31
thick fillaments
mostly bundled myosin protein subunits found in muscle cell and helpt to produce contractions
32
microtubles
found in all cells has a protein called tubulin which forms primary components of the cytoskelton gives strength and helps anchor organelles. Forms the spindle during mitosis
33
microvilli
increase the cells surface area
34
centrioles
microtubles found in groups of 3 forming the spindle apparatus
35
cetromsomes
cells center near the nucleus surronding the centrioles organizes the spindle
36
cilia
9 pairs of micro tubulars short helps move material over surface
37
flagella
large than cilia example tail of sperm movement
38
ribosomes
assemble amino acids into proteins two subunits. light and heavy. Free (throughout cytoplasma) and Fixed (attached to the ER)
39
mitochondria
power house kidney shaped double membrane organelle produces ATP from carbs especially glucose
40
endoplasmic reticulum
intracellular membrane connected to the nucleus smooth and rough
41
smooth ER
synthesis of lipids, steroid, hormones glycerides and glycogen. detoxification of drugs and toxins, storage of calcium and large molecules
42
rough ER
makes proteins outer surface has ribosomes where proteins are synthesised and moves to the golgi apparatus and vesicles
43
golgi apparatus
flattened disc called sacuals close to ER and nucleus. synthesis and package secretion for exocytosis and cyotsoles
44
lysosomes
vesicles from golgi apparatus that contain enzymes and break down food debris bacteria and bone for release a calcium
45
peroxisomes
smaller than lysosomes carry different enzymes most abundant in the liver to detoxify toxin and oxygize of free radicals
46
3 cells types of cells junctions
tight gap desmosomes
47
tight junctions
adjacent integral proteins fuzzed prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between the cells including water
48
gap junctions
channel proteins forming pores (connexoxex) small molecule through
49
desesomes
rivets that anchor the cells together where the cell is thicker on the plasma membrane acts cellular cement prevents cells from pulling apart when stressed Example cardiac muscles
50
nucleus
control center largest organelle has a nuclear envelope phoso lipid double membrane barrier separated by a peri nuclear space
51
nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm (fluid content of your nucleus) and has a nuclear matrix
52
chromosome structure
DNA, nucleoli and genetic code
53
DNA
contains hereditary information DNA is in the chromosome. wrapped around proteins called histones forming a complex known as a nucleosome and when not dividing DNA is in thread like strands called chromatin they condense into bar like bodies call chromosomes when the start to divide
54
nucleoli
has one or two dark stain nuclear organelles contains DNA coding for synthesizing ribosomal RNA
55
genetic code
triplet which is three bases each gene contains all the triplets to produce a certain protein
56
Protein synthesis 2 steps
transcription and translation
57
transcription 3 phases
initiation, elongation and termination
58
transcription initiation
DNA strands unwind and content is exposed
59
transciption elongation
RNA polymerase travels along the strand moving triplet to triplet making a messenger RNA strand. each triplet on the DNA corresponds to a codon on the messenger RNA 45 different types
60
transcription termination
at a stop sign transcription ends messenger RNA is edited to get rid of Introns and enters the cytoplasm
61
translation
happens in the cytoplasm requires atp proteins and enzymes
62
messenger RNA
bonds to light ribosomal subunits and scan for the start codon
63
polyribosomes
a series of ribosomes attached to the same strand of messenger RNA producing many polypeptide molecules in a short time

Anatomy and Phys (5 decks)

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