Chapter 2

Question 1

element

Answer 1

substance that cannot be subdivided by chemical needs only has one type of atom

Question 2

atom

Answer 2

smallest part of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element

Question 3

Atomic structure

Answer 3

atoms are composed of three subatomic particles knows as protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 4

Atomic Number

Answer 4

of protons

Question 5

Atomic weight/,ass

Answer 5

mass of an atom compared to the mass of carbon

Question 6

mass number

Answer 6

protons and nuetrons

Question 7

molecule

Answer 7

when 2 or more atoms have been chemically combined

Question 8

molecular weight/mass

Answer 8

biological molecules are often very large.

Question 9

chemical bods

Answer 9

the atoms which make up molecules are help together by energy involving the electrons

Question 10

covalent bonds

Answer 10

found between 2 atoms that share 1 or more pair of electrons

Question 11

isotopes

Answer 11

has the same atomic # but a different mass #

Question 12

non polar covalent bonds

Answer 12

when two atoms share a bond equally

Question 13

polar covalent bonds

Answer 13

share a pair of electrons unequally

Question 14

hydrogen bonds

Answer 14

weak electrical attractions formed between hydrogen and certain very electronegative atoms Example Water

Question 15

Ionization

Answer 15

process by which a charged atom or ion is form

Question 16

ions

Answer 16

forms whenever an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

Question 17

ionic bonds

Answer 17

bond formed between two ions with opposite charges. Ionic bonds form when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom. These bonds can form between a pair of atoms or between molecules and are the type of bond found in salts.

Question 18

pH

Answer 18

scale of 0-14 normal is 7 blood is 7.4

Question 19

acidoses

Answer 19

7.2 or less

Question 20

alkalosis

Answer 20

7.6 or more

Question 21

pH coma/death

Answer 21

6.8

Question 22

acid

Answer 22

any substance that yields a hydrogen when dissolved in water

Question 23

base

Answer 23

any substance that can remove a hydrogen when dissolved in water

Question 24

strong acids or bases

Answer 24

will completely dissociate or almost pull away

Question 25

weak acids and bases

Answer 25

only partially disspciate

Question 26

buffer

Answer 26

any substance which when added to a solution resists a change in pH. Buffers work by converting strong acids and/or bases into weak acids and or bases

Question 27

solution

Answer 27

a homogenous mixture of two or more components which cannot be distinguished and which do not settle out

Question 28

solvent

Answer 28

component in greatest amount

Question 29

solute

Answer 29

component in lesser amount

Question 30

molar solutions

Answer 30

solution based upon a mole

Question 31

mole

Answer 31

equal to gram formula weight which is the molecular weight of a molecule in grams

Question 32

organic compounds

Answer 32

chemical compounds that contain carbon covalent bonds with a large number of atoms including itself

Question 33

monomers and polymers

Answer 33

organic compounds are made up of repeating subunits can be small monomers or large chain polymers

Question 34

dehydration synthesis

Answer 34

takes water out

Question 35

hydrolysis

Answer 35

adds water

Question 36

4 classes of organic compounds

Answer 36

carbs lipids proteins and nucleic acids

Question 37

carbohydrates

Answer 37

composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen includes sugars starches glycogen and cellulose. Fuel molecules can be monomers or polymers

Question 38

Lipids

Answer 38

contain more hydrogen per carbon. Fats oils waxes and sterols. long term storage make up hormones

Question 39

proteins

Answer 39

usually also have sulfur most abundant organic molecule in the average body. Made from Amino acids

Question 40

protein functions

Answer 40

structural, contraction, protection, hormones, enzymes, defense

Question 41

amino acids

Answer 41

carbon with acid group Hydrogen R group and Amino

Question 42

peptide bond

Answer 42

one amino acid attaches to another C-N bond

Question 43

4 levels of protein structure

Answer 43

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 44

primary protein

Answer 44

kinds and sequences of aminos acids

Question 45

secondary protein

Answer 45

results from hydrogen bonding of alpha amino group to every carboxyl group in a helix results in a pleating Beta Sheets/Pleating Corkscrew

Question 46

tertiary protein

Answer 46

complex twisting and folding due to hydrogen bonding and their bonding between the R groups

Question 47

quaternary proteins

Answer 47

occurs when polypeptide chains interact forming a single protein complex

Question 48

fibrous proteins

Answer 48

extended strands like structures only the secondary structures. highly stable insoluble in water chief supporting molecules of body (structural proteins) Ex colagen karatein elastine

Question 49

globular proteins

Answer 49

usually spherical in shape usually 3 level sometimes the 4th water soluble unstable globular Functional proteins Ex antibodies hormones enzymes

Question 50

denaturaziation

Answer 50

proteins can denature by temp pH electrolyte concentration If serve it cant retain shape

Question 51

nucleic acid

Answer 51

carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and phosphorus made from monomer chains called nucleotides. Transmission of genetic information

Question 52

enzymes

Answer 52

biological catalysts. speeds a chemical reaction but is not altered. has an active site and this site is suppose to fit with the reactant. they are specific. are all proteins lower the energy of activation of a reaction coenzymes help enzymes do their jobs.

Question 53

Nucleotide 3 basic components

Answer 53

sugar - pentose Ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA phosphate group- base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA)

Question 54

RNA

Answer 54

single strand of nucleotides mRNA rRNA tRNA