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Motor Control > Chapter 3&5 > Flashcards

Chapter 3&5 Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction btw perception, cog, action

A

Sensing-perceiving-interpreting-conceptualizing-strategy-activation-execution

*maladaptive mvmt= problems in perception, action or cog and region determines rehab

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2
Q

Human mvmt is a result of?

A

Components of the CNS&PNS involved In the control of coordinated mvmt

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3
Q

CNS

A 
Symmetrical, bilateral with 6 structure:
SC
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
Diencephalon 
Cerebral Cortex 
Grey matter (diffuse/slow stim)
White matter (myelin, quickly sends info)
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4
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • Lowest level of the hierarchy
  • Initial reception and processing of somatosensory info (from muscle,jts,skin) and reflex of voluntary control of posture and mvmt via motor neurons
  • simple reflexes, kicking and locomotion
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5
Q

Brain stem

A
  • Second lowest in hierarchy
  • Contains nuclei for postural control and locomotion(vestibular,red and reticular nuclei)
  • ascending and descending pathways
  • receives somatosensory input(skin,muscles,head) and sensory input(vestibular,visual sys)
  • controls motor output to neck and face
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6
Q

Reticular formation

A

Found in brain stem

Regulates arousal and awareness

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Receives input from SC and cerebral cortex(mvmt FB)
  • Outputs to brain stem (info for planning mvmt)
  • adjusts motor responses by comparing intended output w sensory signals and update mvmt if it deviates from what’s intended
  • modulates force and ROM
  • involved in motor learning
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8
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus: processes most info from the cortex via SC, cerebellum, brain stem

hypothalamus

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9
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia

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10
Q

Neurons

A

Unipolar(afferent), multipolar(muscular sys), bipolar

Soma,dendrites,axon,axon hillock,pre-synaptic terminal

Process glucose, transmit and store info

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11
Q

Neuralgia

A

CNS:

  • astrocytes:BBB
  • oligondendrocytes:CNS axons, white matter of SC
  • microglia:remove dead cells/debris
  • ependymal:lines ventricles in brain,secrete CSF

PNS

  • Schwann: PNS axons, myelin
  • satellite: ganglia of afferent cells
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12
Q

High brain centres

A

Form complex plans according to intent
Make sense of environment
Provide corrections w mid and lower level centres
Involve emotions in response to raw environment

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13
Q

Middle level brain centres

A

Converts raw info to small and manageable patterns

Cerebellum, sensory motor cortex, pons,medulla

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14
Q

Lower level

A

Brain stem, SC
Apply tension to specific muscles, jt angles to produce mvmt

Can’t respond wout stim or to environment

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15
Q

Signalling mech in nerve cells

4 components

A

Independent of size,shape,function

  1. Input-dendrite
  2. Integrative component-soma
  3. Conductive component- Amazon
  4. Output- axon terminal

Change in structure= memories of neurons

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16
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Net + charge on outside, - on inside

17
Q

Maintaining rest

A

Na/K pumps
Require ATP
Pushes ions up electrogradient
Maintains polarity

18
Q

Nerve cells’ type of passive electrical characteristics

A
  1. Electromotive force
  2. Resistance- cell permeability
  3. Capacitance- insulation to separate cells.

All 3 affect the time course of postsynaptic potentials( efficiency of cell to cell communication)

19
Q

Leakage channels

A

Ions leak down gradient in and out of the cell
Require no energy
Need a constant mvmt of Na/K to prevent equilbm, cell wouldn’t be able to get excited

20
Q

Resting potential

A

Nongated Na/K /Ca channels

-35/-70 mV

21
Q

Action potentials

A

Voltage gated Na/k channels
All or none response above 100 mV
1-10 s duration

** doesn’t decrease in amplitude while conducted away from site of initiation

22
Q

Receptor potential

A

Modality specific gating on Na/k
Sensory stim
Graded potential
Very fast

23
Q

Increases conductance
EPSP

IPSP

A

Simultaneous gating of Na/k ligand channels
Fast

Ligand gating of k or ca channels
Fast

24
Q

Decreased conductance

EPSP

IPSP

A

Close k leakage channel
Slow

Close Na leakage channel
Slow

25
Q

PREsynaptic

A

Ca in necessary for transmitter release
Amount of Ca affects:
Number of quanta released (amount of chemicals diffused into the cleft)

Synaptic effectiveness (how well neurons communicate)

26
Q

POSTsynaptic

A

Axonal conductance and synaptic transmission provide rapid and precise com

Bridged: immediate com
Unbridged: time and space are limiting factor

27
Q

Requirements for neural integration in motor sys

A
  1. Info arising from sensory receptors or memory stores must be channeled to appropriate motor neurons
  2. NS must control accurate degree of contraction of each muscle according to intended purpose
  3. The activity of multi different muscles must be coordinated. Synergy= spatiotemporal pattern of mvmt
28
Q

Knee jerk reflex

A
  1. Sharp tap on PT
  2. Muscle spindles in quad are stimulated
  3. Impulse travels from spindles to dorsal SC via afferent neuron
  4. Synapse of motor neuron and interneuron in SC
  5. Efferent motor neuron sends activating impulse to quad from ventral SC= contraction
  6. Interneurons send inhibitory impulse to hamstring (antagonist) = relaxation
29
Q

Neuromotor organization

A

Sk. Muscle type:
Type 1- oxidative slow twitch, smallest axon
Type 2a- ox/glyco, intermediate twitch, med axon
Type 2b- PC/glyco, fast twitch, largest, mylienated

Motor neuron:
Size, myelin

Close relationship btw motor unit and muscle types

30
Q

How are graded forces generated by the NS?

A
  1. Increase number of motor units recruited to increase muscle tension= recruitment
  2. Motor neurons Fire faster to increase tone=rate coding
31
Q

Sympathetic tone

A

Muscle tone in relaxed stage

32
Q

Range of muscle tone

A 
Flaccidity
Hypotonia
Normal
Spasticity/ hypertonia 
Rigidity
33
Q

Muscle receptors

A

Muscle spindles: enclosed in capsule, throughout muscle body, parallel to fibres
Change in muscle length

GTO: located in tendons
Muscle tension

Jt receptors
Jt position

34
Q

What does abnormality of a reflex suggest?

A

Damage to CNS

Motor Control (6 decks)

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