Chapter 1

Question 1

Movement/motor skill

Answer 1

Ability of an organism to until use sk. Muscle effectively

Question 2

Define motor control

Answer 2

How the neuromuscular sys functions in order to coordinate mvmt

Ability to regulate/direct the mechanisms essential for mvmt with min energy expenditure and max outcome (efficiency)

Question 3

Define motor learning

Answer 3

A change in the capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively permanent change as a result of experience or practice

Environment is essential for behavioural change

Question 4

What is augmented FB.

Answer 4

Knowledge of results of performance is needed for learning

Question 5

Describe Newells Model

Answer 5

Individual- perception/cog/action
Environment-nonregulatory/ regulatory
Task- mobility/ stability/ manipulation

Mvmt arises from the interaction of these 3 constraints
Constraints limit some mvmt but permit other mvmt

Ecological theory

Question 6

Individual constraint

Answer 6

Mvmt arises from an individual’s perception, action, and cog processes

Unique physical and mental constraints:
Body structure, change is LT (growth w age)
Behavioural function, change is ST (motivation, fear)

Question 7

Mvmt and action

Answer 7

Mvmt is described within a context of a specific action.

Need to understand the motor output from the NS to effector muscles and organs.

Question 8

Degrees of freedom

Answer 8

Problem of choosing btw multiple equal solutions to mvmt and coordinating the multiple muscles and jts in that mvmt

Many ways to carry out a single mvmt. Which is most efficient And requires least amount of E?
(System theory of individual and environment)

Question 9

Mvmt and perception

Answer 9

Integration of sensory impressions (peripheral sensory mech.) with meaningful info (higher level processes) to the individual.

EXAMPLE..
Body’s position in space

Question 10

Mvmt and cognition

Answer 10

Attention
Planning 
Problem solving 
Motivation
Emotion

Est the intent of the individuals goal

Question 11

Task constraint

Answer 11

Goals and rules of mvmt/task specific/ includes equipment.

Damage to CNS= individual to develop mvmt patterns that meet demand of the task

Question 12

Functional categories of task constraints

Answer 12

Bed mobility tasks- supine to sitting
Transfer tasks- sitting to standing to sitting
Activity of daily living- dressing, feeding, toilet

Question 13

Task categories

Answer 13

Discrete vs continuos
Stability vs mobility
Open vs closed mvmt

Question 14

Discrete vs continuos

Answer 14

Discrete- task w a beginning and end. Kicking a ball

Continuos- task where end point is determined by the performer. Running

Question 15

Stability vs mobility

Answer 15

Stability- nonmoving base of support. Standing/sitting
Least demanding, practiced first
Mobility- moving base of support. Walking/running
Attentional demand must increase

Question 16

Open vs closed mvmt

Answer 16

Open- must adapt to a constantly changing environment. Soccer
Closed- fixed and predictable environment. Practiced first with little variation. Free throw

Question 17

Environment constraint

Answer 17

Physical and sociocultural world that surrounds us. CNS must consider the attributes of the environment when planning task mvmts

Regulatory vs nonregulatory

Question 18

Regulatory vs nonregulatory

Answer 18

Regulatory- shape mvmt. Size, shape, weight, surface of object needed to pick up
Nonregulatory- affects performance but doesn’t shape mvmt. Background noise and lighting

** important in therapy for patients to practice in multiple environments for real life performance **

Question 19

Theories of motor control

Answer 19

Reflex, hierarchical, motor programming, system, ecological

Give meaning to facts that give framework for interpreting behaviour and guide clinical actions

Question 20

Motor control models and neurological rehab models

Answer 20

Reflex & hierarchical-> neurotherapuetic facilitation and contemporary task-oriented
Systems-> contemporary task-oriented

Question 21

Reflex theory

Answer 21

Reflexes are the building blocks of complex behaviour

Question 22

Reflex theory limitations

Answer 22

• Reflex is activated by an outside agent, mvmt is spontaneous and voluntary
• can’t explain/ predict mvmt that occurs wout sensory stimuli
• can’t explain fast or sequential mvmt that occur too quickly for sensory FB to trigger next mvmt
• a single stimuli can result in multi reflexes dependent on context and descending commands (EX. Override reflex to pull away from flame to save a child)
• can’t explain the ability to combine stimuli and respond through previous learned rules( transfer the knowledge of playing the violin to cello)

Question 23

Reflex clinical application

Answer 23

Reflexes are the basis for functional mvmt
Reflex test predict mvmt
Retraining MC for functional skills= enhancing/ reducing the effect of specific reflexes during tasks

Question 24

Hierarchical theory

Answer 24

• NS is organized as having a “top-down” control via higher, middle and lower levels in the brain
• higher centres can inhibit lower reflex centres
• lower level reflexes are only present higher cortical centres are damaged (EX. Walk reflex when paralyzed)
• • neural age of a child w MC dysfunction can be determined by understanding all reflexes**
• • CNS is the primary agent for change in development and minimal importance is placed on the sk muscle

Question 25

Reflex hierarchical theory vs neuromaturational theory

Answer 25

RHT- MC emerges from reflexes within the hierarchical level of the CNS NMT- normal motor development is attributed by increased emergence of higher levels of control over lower level reflexes of the CNS

Question 26

Hierarchical limitations

Answer 26

Can't explain the dominance of reflex behaviour in certain situations EXAMPLE. Bottom up control of stepping on a tack

Question 27

Hierarchical clinical implications

Answer 27

Explain the disorders in MC with neurological diseases EXAMPLE. When higher centres are temp or permanently interfered w normal reflexes become exaggerated= pathological reflexe

Question 28

Motor Programming theory

Answer 28

- sensory stim (isn't essential but important for modulating action) or central processes can activate central motor patterns - central pattern generators (CPG) are specific neural circuits identified by a motor program and generate complex mvmt (walk,trot,gallop)

Question 29

Motor programming limitation

Answer 29

- central motor program can't solely determine an action | - doesn't account for the NS interacting w the sk muscle or environment when achieving mvmt

Question 30

Motor programming clinical implications

Answer 30

Abnormal mvmt can indicate abnormalities in CPG or higher level programming

Question 31

Systems theory

Answer 31

- looks at the body as a whole mech sys w mass and subject to forces - the same central command can result in different mvmts and vice versa - control of integrated mvmt is distributed to many sys working together to achieve desired mvmt - DOF need to be controlled by the hierarchical sys

Question 32

Synergies (system theory)

Answer 32

- ensure flexible and stable performance of motor tasks= principle of abundance - neural org of multi sys (EX. Muscles) via organize sharing a task amount a set of element variables - ensures covariation of stabilizing performance variables (EX. COM in postural control) - one muscle can have multi synergies

Question 33

Dynamic system perspective (systems theory)

Answer 33

Elements behave in an ordered way, no need for a higher centres to command coordination= self organization ** mvmt can emerge from interacting elements wout specific commands/ motor programs win NS

Question 34

Control Parameter (systems theory)

Answer 34

Variable that regulates change in the behaviour of a sys

Question 35

System theory limitations

Answer 35

Presumptions that NS has a less important role in determining behaviour

Question 36

Systems theory clinical implication

Answer 36

* *understand the body as a sys and mvmt is determined by the output of the NS and filtered through the body - deficit in the CNS= examine the contribution of impairment in sk muscle and NS plus all interacting sys

Question 37

Ecological theory

Answer 37

- how our environment is relate to our actions - how we use our environment to control our mvmt - MC has evolved so we can cope with our environment - our perception of the environment is important for the task and our reaction

Question 38

Ecological limitations

Answer 38

Less emphasis on NS, more on the organism environment interface

Question 39

Ecological clinical implications

Answer 39

Individuals adaptability- help patient explore the possibilities for achieving a task

Question 40

Task-oriented approach

Answer 40

Uses theories to perform with your limitation in your day to day environment Learning need to occur in natural environment (Clinic vs home)