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Motor Control > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement/motor skill

A

Ability of an organism to until use sk. Muscle effectively

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2
Q

Define motor control

A

How the neuromuscular sys functions in order to coordinate mvmt

Ability to regulate/direct the mechanisms essential for mvmt with min energy expenditure and max outcome (efficiency)

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3
Q

Define motor learning

A

A change in the capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively permanent change as a result of experience or practice

Environment is essential for behavioural change

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4
Q

What is augmented FB.

A

Knowledge of results of performance is needed for learning

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5
Q

Describe Newells Model

A

Individual- perception/cog/action
Environment-nonregulatory/ regulatory
Task- mobility/ stability/ manipulation

Mvmt arises from the interaction of these 3 constraints
Constraints limit some mvmt but permit other mvmt

Ecological theory

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6
Q

Individual constraint

A

Mvmt arises from an individual’s perception, action, and cog processes

Unique physical and mental constraints:
Body structure, change is LT (growth w age)
Behavioural function, change is ST (motivation, fear)

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7
Q

Mvmt and action

A

Mvmt is described within a context of a specific action.

Need to understand the motor output from the NS to effector muscles and organs.

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8
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Problem of choosing btw multiple equal solutions to mvmt and coordinating the multiple muscles and jts in that mvmt

Many ways to carry out a single mvmt. Which is most efficient And requires least amount of E?
(System theory of individual and environment)

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9
Q

Mvmt and perception

A

Integration of sensory impressions (peripheral sensory mech.) with meaningful info (higher level processes) to the individual.

EXAMPLE..
Body’s position in space

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10
Q

Mvmt and cognition

A 
Attention
Planning 
Problem solving 
Motivation
Emotion

Est the intent of the individuals goal

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11
Q

Task constraint

A

Goals and rules of mvmt/task specific/ includes equipment.

Damage to CNS= individual to develop mvmt patterns that meet demand of the task

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12
Q

Functional categories of task constraints

A

Bed mobility tasks- supine to sitting
Transfer tasks- sitting to standing to sitting
Activity of daily living- dressing, feeding, toilet

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13
Q

Task categories

A

Discrete vs continuos
Stability vs mobility
Open vs closed mvmt

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14
Q

Discrete vs continuos

A

Discrete- task w a beginning and end. Kicking a ball

Continuos- task where end point is determined by the performer. Running

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15
Q

Stability vs mobility

A

Stability- nonmoving base of support. Standing/sitting
Least demanding, practiced first
Mobility- moving base of support. Walking/running
Attentional demand must increase

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16
Q

Open vs closed mvmt

A

Open- must adapt to a constantly changing environment. Soccer
Closed- fixed and predictable environment. Practiced first with little variation. Free throw

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17
Q

Environment constraint

A

Physical and sociocultural world that surrounds us. CNS must consider the attributes of the environment when planning task mvmts

Regulatory vs nonregulatory

18
Q

Regulatory vs nonregulatory

A

Regulatory- shape mvmt. Size, shape, weight, surface of object needed to pick up
Nonregulatory- affects performance but doesn’t shape mvmt. Background noise and lighting

** important in therapy for patients to practice in multiple environments for real life performance **

19
Q

Theories of motor control

A

Reflex, hierarchical, motor programming, system, ecological

Give meaning to facts that give framework for interpreting behaviour and guide clinical actions

20
Q

Motor control models and neurological rehab models

A

Reflex & hierarchical-> neurotherapuetic facilitation and contemporary task-oriented
Systems-> contemporary task-oriented

21
Q

Reflex theory

A

Reflexes are the building blocks of complex behaviour

22
Q

Reflex theory limitations

A
  • Reflex is activated by an outside agent, mvmt is spontaneous and voluntary
  • can’t explain/ predict mvmt that occurs wout sensory stimuli
  • can’t explain fast or sequential mvmt that occur too quickly for sensory FB to trigger next mvmt
  • a single stimuli can result in multi reflexes dependent on context and descending commands (EX. Override reflex to pull away from flame to save a child)
  • can’t explain the ability to combine stimuli and respond through previous learned rules( transfer the knowledge of playing the violin to cello)
23
Q

Reflex clinical application

A

Reflexes are the basis for functional mvmt
Reflex test predict mvmt
Retraining MC for functional skills= enhancing/ reducing the effect of specific reflexes during tasks

24
Q

Hierarchical theory

A
  • NS is organized as having a “top-down” control via higher, middle and lower levels in the brain
  • higher centres can inhibit lower reflex centres
  • lower level reflexes are only present higher cortical centres are damaged (EX. Walk reflex when paralyzed)
    • neural age of a child w MC dysfunction can be determined by understanding all reflexes**
    • CNS is the primary agent for change in development and minimal importance is placed on the sk muscle
25
Q

Reflex hierarchical theory vs neuromaturational theory

A

RHT- MC emerges from reflexes within the hierarchical level of the CNS

NMT- normal motor development is attributed by increased emergence of higher levels of control over lower level reflexes of the CNS

26
Q

Hierarchical limitations

A

Can’t explain the dominance of reflex behaviour in certain situations
EXAMPLE. Bottom up control of stepping on a tack

27
Q

Hierarchical clinical implications

A

Explain the disorders in MC with neurological diseases
EXAMPLE. When higher centres are temp or permanently interfered w normal reflexes become exaggerated= pathological reflexe

28
Q

Motor Programming theory

A
  • sensory stim (isn’t essential but important for modulating action) or central processes can activate central motor patterns
  • central pattern generators (CPG) are specific neural circuits identified by a motor program and generate complex mvmt (walk,trot,gallop)
29
Q

Motor programming limitation

A
  • central motor program can’t solely determine an action

- doesn’t account for the NS interacting w the sk muscle or environment when achieving mvmt

30
Q

Motor programming clinical implications

A

Abnormal mvmt can indicate abnormalities in CPG or higher level programming

31
Q

Systems theory

A
  • looks at the body as a whole mech sys w mass and subject to forces
  • the same central command can result in different mvmts and vice versa
  • control of integrated mvmt is distributed to many sys working together to achieve desired mvmt
  • DOF need to be controlled by the hierarchical sys
32
Q

Synergies (system theory)

A
  • ensure flexible and stable performance of motor tasks= principle of abundance
  • neural org of multi sys (EX. Muscles) via organize sharing a task amount a set of element variables
  • ensures covariation of stabilizing performance variables (EX. COM in postural control)
  • one muscle can have multi synergies
33
Q

Dynamic system perspective (systems theory)

A

Elements behave in an ordered way, no need for a higher centres to command coordination= self organization

** mvmt can emerge from interacting elements wout specific commands/ motor programs win NS

34
Q

Control Parameter (systems theory)

A

Variable that regulates change in the behaviour of a sys

35
Q

System theory limitations

A

Presumptions that NS has a less important role in determining behaviour

36
Q

Systems theory clinical implication

A
  • *understand the body as a sys and mvmt is determined by the output of the NS and filtered through the body
  • deficit in the CNS= examine the contribution of impairment in sk muscle and NS plus all interacting sys
37
Q

Ecological theory

A
  • how our environment is relate to our actions
  • how we use our environment to control our mvmt
  • MC has evolved so we can cope with our environment
  • our perception of the environment is important for the task and our reaction
38
Q

Ecological limitations

A

Less emphasis on NS, more on the organism environment interface

39
Q

Ecological clinical implications

A

Individuals adaptability- help patient explore the possibilities for achieving a task

40
Q

Task-oriented approach

A

Uses theories to perform with your limitation in your day to day environment

Learning need to occur in natural environment
(Clinic vs home)

Motor Control (6 decks)

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