Chapter 2 Flashcards
Motor learning
The study of modification of mvmt
Recovery of function
Reacquisition of mvmt skills lost through injury- regain the process of firing neurons needed for mvmt
4 concepts of motor learning
- Learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
- Learning results from practice/experience
- Learning cannot be measure directly, but inferred from behaviour
- Learning produces relatively permanent change in behaviour
* ST alterations are not thought as learning
Performance
Temporary change in motor behaviour seen during practice
Patient H.M.
Hippocampal formation, amygdala, parts of the temporal cortex removed
Couldn’t transfer new ST memory to LT memory or retain over a minute of into
New learnt motor skills, surgery didn’t affect motor performance associated memories
Forms of LT memory
Implicit, nondeclarative
Explicit, declarative
Implicit learning
Nonassociative
Associative
Procedural
Implicit Nonassociative
Habituation
- repeated exposure to stim= reduced responding to that stim
-benign stim
EX. Treat dizziness in patients w vestibular dysfunction
Sensitization
-repeated exposure to stim= increases responding to stim
- threatening stim
-augumentation of responding following exposure to a 2nd stim
EX. Soft touch after pinch
Restoring sensitization after habituation
Add another stim to habituation stim
EX. Every time a fireworks “bang” you get a pinch
Define learning
“Relatively permanent change in behaviour as a function of training, practice or experience”
Implicit associative learning
Classical conditioning
-relationship of one stim to another
-initially week stim(CS) becomes highly effective in producing a response(CR) when associated w another strand stim(UCS)
EX. Pavlovs dog
Operant conditioning: trail and error learning
-learn to associate a certain response w consequence
-rewarded behaviours are are repeated at the cost of others
-behaviour followed by punishment aren’t repeated
=LAW OF EFFECT
** both are used to create a desired behaviour
Procedural learning
- tasks can be preformed automatically wout attention or conscious thought(habit)
- developed w repetition and expressed through improved performance
**doesnt require any cog function
Mvmt schema
Learning a mvmt or the rules for moving automatically
Declarative learning
Requires awareness, attention and reflection to consciously recall knowledge
Declarative to nondeclarative
Via practice/constant repetition
EXAMPLE
Learn to perform a task with repeated verbal instruction-> repeated practice-> perform task wout instruction
Process of declarative learning (4)
- Encoding: attention/motivation/associated meaningfully w into in stored memory
- Consolidation: structural change in neurons to create LT memory
- Storage: LT retention has unlimited capacity
- Retrieval: recall info from different LT storages, most accurate when done in learning context
Theories of learning
Fitts and posner
Gentile
Ecology
Fitts and posner
3 stage model:
- Cognitive- high mental effort in performing skill
- Associative- make associations btw behaviour and outcomes
- Autonomous- skill is automatic/2nd nature
Gentile
2 stage model:
- GIT: early learners- learn task
- Fixation: late learners- perfect task
- economics/more objective oriented
- fixate on human mvmt in closed task
EXAMPLE. Visual gauge of beginner vs pro hockey player when shooting at target
Ecological learning theory
- a more appropriate representation of action is developed with practice
- motor learning= process that increases the coordination btw perception and action consistent with environmental constraints
Regulatory cues (ecological theory)
Perceptual cues that are critical to the way a task is executed
Roles of perceptual info
- Relates to understanding the goal of the task and mvmts to be learned (via demonstrations)
- FB during mvmt (knowledge of performance) and after mvmt (knowledge of results)
- Can be used to structure the search for perceptual/ motor solution appropriate for demands of task
How is motor learning characterized in ecological theory
Optimal task-relevant mapping of perception and action
How to augment skill learning.
- Help learner understand
