Chapter 3 Flashcards
Macromolecule - Main Function - Main Location
“Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides”
- Backbone of RNA/DNA, energy source, structural
- DNA/RNA backbone, cell wall, storage granules
Macromolecule - Main Function - Main Location
“Fatty Acids/Lipids”
- Structural
- Cytoplasmic membrane, storage granules
Macromolecule - Main Function - Main Location
“Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids”
- Carry genetic information
- DNA/RNA
Macromolecule - Main Function - Main Location
“Amino Acids/Proteins”
- Catalyze reactions, structural
- Flagella, cell walls, cytoplasm
Major morphologies of prokaryotes (6)
- coccus (circle)
- rod (long rectangle)
- spirillum (small twist)
- spirochete (more twists and shorter period)
- budding/appendaged or stalks/hypha (a ball with stick)
- filamentous (random strings)
Major chemical difference between Bacteria membranes and Archaea membranes (3)
- Bacteria: lipid ester linkages – Archaea: lipid ether linkages
- Bacteria: lipids contain fatty acids – Archaea: lipid side chains composed of isoprene units
- Bacteria: always lipid bilayer – Archaea: can be monolayer
Transport systems (3)
- simple transport
- group translocation
- ABC transport
E. coli takes up lactose via lac permease - components of the transport system? source of energy?
Symporter (type of simple tranport, along with uniporter and antiporter)
- membrane-bound transporter protein made of 12 alpha helices
- helices form a channel to transport lactose across the membrane with a proton
- proton motive force
E. coli takes up glucose via phosphotransferase system - components of the transport system? source of energy?
An example of group translocation
- 5 proteins working together
- applicable for glucose, mannose, and fructose transport via phosphorylation
- enzyme I, IIa, IIc, HPr, phophotransferase
- energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (intermediate in glycolysis)
E. coli takes up maltose via ABC transporter - components of the transport system? source of energy?
ATP-binding cassette transporters
- substrate-binding protein (periplasmic binding protein) + membrane-integrated transporter + ATP-hydrolyzing protein
- ATP as energy source
What is peptidoglycan?
A cell wall composed of a polysaccharide backbone of 2 sugar derivatives + 4 amino acids (tetrapeptide)
Glycosidic bonds + crosslinking peptide bonds
What kind of bacteria have outer membrane?
Gram-negative
Chemical composition of outer membrane?
liposaccharides (LPS) + phospholipids + lipoproteins
Functions of outer membrane?
- toxic LPS (endotoxin) - toxicity
- contains porin - help control the transport of small, hydrophilic molecules
- prevent escape of periplasmic proteins
Archaea cell walls has peptidoglycan layer (T/F)
FALSE
