CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
Toward the front
Anterior
Toward the back
Posterior
Toward the abdomen
Ventral
Toward the back
Dorsal
Toward the top
Superior
Toward the bottom
Inferior
Toward the body
Proximal
Away from the body
Distal
Towards the midline
Medial
Toward the side
Lateral
This moves toward the central nervous system ___.
Afferent
This moves way from the central nervous system ___.
Efferent
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
These transport information between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of your body ___ and ____.
cranial and spinal nerves
What the three major parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum
Lots of efferent and afferent nerve tracts -sensory information -motor information Metabolism, arousal 3 major reflex centers are all found in the \_\_\_\_.
Brain stem
Known as the little brain and regulates, coordinates motor movements.
Cerebellum
Here is where conscious planning and responses, 2 hemisphere; 4 lobes and insular cortex.
Cerebrum
Fine and complex motor skills and executive functions are found in the ____.
Frontal lobe
Sensory and perceptual info, oral and written language comp is found in the ____.
Parietal Lobes
Communication is found in the ____.
Temporal lobes
Visual information and processing is found in the ____.
Occipital Lobe
Intricate integration of information is called ____.
Interconnectedness
Higher-level functions by cerebrum and lower level functions by spinal cord is called ____.
Hierarchy
Highly specialized and specialized nerve pathways are called ____.
Specialization
Organize/reorganize
developmental
learning
injury induced is called ____.
Plasticity
Periods of rapid growth
injury during these times is especially damaging
3 to 4 weeks post-conception
birth -5 years of age is called ___.
Critical period
Three key areas of speech language and hearing are:
Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and Heschl’s Gyrus
This is within the left hemisphere, which is a highly specialized site for language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area
Located in the posterior portion of the left frontal lobe and is responsible for fine coordination of speech output.
Broca’s area
Located in the superior portion of the left temporal lobe and is the primary center for auditory perception and sensation.
Heschl’s gyrus
Brain and spinal cord make up the _____.
CNS
Nerves going form brain and spinal cord to the body is called the _____.
PNS
Connects to brainstem and spinal cord
Voluntary and involuntary functions
Cranial nerves
-speech, language, hearing, and swallowing
-vision, hearing, smell, and taste
-7 (of 12) are most important to communication
Spinal nerves
-reflexes, volitional sensory and motor activity
are found in the
PNS
List the big seven.
Trigeminal, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Power supply -reflexive, typically involuntary -can be under voluntary control Upper respiratory system Lower respiratory system
Respiration
In order to produce ______ more air is needed, airflow is voluntarily changed, and less air taken in than exhaled out.
Speech
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharnx are located in the ____.
Pharynx
Hyoid bone, extrinsic laryngeal muscles, instrinsic laryngeal muscles, vocal folds and cartilage are found in the ___.
Larynx
What are the three areas involved with phonation?
Pharynx, trachea, and larynx
Air flows from lungs through larynx = opportunity to phonate
sound or phonation comes from larynx (air)
Two muscles (vocal folds) adduct inside larynx
-vibrate as air passes through
Fundamental frequency, resonance, and pitch
Phonation
Greater force of vibration = loudness/intensity
Vocal quality
-how clear your voicing is (not how clear your speech is or the tonal resonance)
-breathiness, strain, hoarse
Phonation
Motor process
physical production of the speech sounds
movement of articulatiors to modify the airflow resulting from phonation
produce speech sounds (phonemes)
Articulation
What parts of the body are involved with articulation?
Lips, teeth, tongue, palate, jaw, pharynx and larynx
What are the parts of the tongue?
Apex, body, dorsum
What are the parts of the palate?
Alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate
What are the parts of the jaw?
Maxilla and Madible
