Chapter 2 Flashcards
The knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in that language is called ___.
Communicative Competence
A speakers actual speech behavior is called ___.
Communicative performace
The ability to recognize and produce the distinctive, meaningful sounds of a language or phonemes is called __.
Phonological competence
What are two major factors to communicative competence?
Linguistic and Pragmatic competence
This occurs when infants shift to focusing more on perceptual differences that are relevant to them.
Perceptual narrowing
There are the normal phonological deviations that young children make in producing specific sounds and words, this is called ___.
Phonological Processes
The ability to recognize and effectively produce the syntactic and morphological structures of a language is called ___.
Grammatical Competence
The ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of a language use.
Lexical Competence
This refers to the ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently.
Discourse competence
This refers to the ability to communicate in a language for a variety of purposes.
Functional Competence
The ability to interpret the social meaning that language conveys and to choose language that is socially appropriate for communication situations.
Sociolinguisitic Competence
The variety of speech appropriate to a particular speech situation is called
Speech Register
The ability to understand and apply implicit rules for interaction in various communication situations is called __.
Interactional competence
The ability to function effectively in cultural contexts, both by interpreting behavior correctly and by behaving in a way that would be considered appropriate by the member of the culture.
Cultural competence
What are the three developmental phases that characterize infancy?
Attendance to social partners
Emergence and coordination of joint attention
transition to language
Phase one is from (age)
Birth to 6 months
Head disproportionate to body, presence of fontanels, irregular motor patterns, reflexes, and very cute are physical appearances of a ___.
New born
Babies enjoy looking at people’s faces, generally eyes. What phase is this?
One
Babies tend to imitate the facial expressions such as sticking out their tongue and smiling. What phase is this?
One
Babies learn how to maintain attention when engaged with others. What phase is this?
One
Babies attend to social partners. What phase is this?
One
Babies are receptive to interpersonal interactions. What phase is this?
One
Phase two is from (age)
6 months to one year
Babies engage in joint attention. What phase is this?
Two
The simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object or event is called.
Joint attention
When the adult attempts sustain the child’s participation in a period of joint focus is called ___.
Supported joint engagement
The ability to recognize when one shares a mental focus on some external object or action with another person.
Inter-subjective awareness
Deliberate communication which typically emerges around 9 or 10 months of age is called ____.
Intentional Communication
Begin to use language for intentional communication is what phase?
Three
Phase 3 is from (age)
1 year +
The combinations of sounds that are acceptable in their language is called ___.
Phonotactics
Parents wait expectantly for initiations, use a slow pace to allow for initiations, and listen to allow the child to complete messages is called ____.
Waiting and listening
When a child initiates either verbally or non verbally, parents follow the child’s lead by responding verbally to the initiation, using animation, and avoiding vague acknowledgements is called ____.
Following the child’s lead
Parents build on their child’s focus of interest and play without dominating is called ____.
Joining in and playing
Parents adjust their physical level by sitting on the floor, leaning forward to facilitate face-to-face interaction, and bending toward the child when above the child’s level is called ____.
Being face-to-face
Beginning at birth, children all over the world reach certain _______ _______ at approximately the same age and in the same order.
Communicative milestones
What are the four main developmental periods?
Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool, school-age
Remember some children are _____ and some are very _____.
Slow, Advanced
Infants are from what age?
Birth to 6 months
What month can babies maintain brief eye contact, focus on outline of caregivers face, able to discriminate loudness, intonation and phonemes, and vocal development (reflexive sounds)?
1 month
What month can babies get quiet to familiar voices, move in response to a voice, attends to speakers mouth, discriminate between between angry and friendly voices, vocalizes to caregiver’s smile and talk, and vocal development?
2 - 3 months
What months can babies follow and reacts to bright colors, movements and objects, turn towards sounds, show interest in and watch faces, and vocal development?
4-6 months
What months can babies smile often when playing, laughs, coo or babble when happy (reduplicated), cry when unhappy, searches for the speaker, whines with a manipulative purpose, and attempts to interact with an adult?
6-8 months
In this stage, infants produce sounds of distress (e.g crying, fussing) and vegetative sounds (e.g, coughs, burps) , 0-2 months
Reflexive stage
In this stage, infants make cooing and gooing sounds, as well as “raspberries”, trills, and clicks, 1-4 months.
Control of phonation
In this stage, infants produce isolated vowel sounds and vowel glides and may use marginal babbling, 3-8 months.
Expansion
In this stage, infants use true consonant sounds and true vowel sounds in various combinations, 5-10 months
Basic Canonical syllables
In this stage, infants use diphthongs and jargon but do not yet produce true words, 9-18
Advanced forms
A special type of babbling that contains at least two syllables and at least two different consonants and vowels, as well as varied stress or intonation patterns is called ____.
Jargon
This happens at 7 months or below, babies practice with pitch variations and adults give meaning but there is no intention.
Example, baby says da-da
and daddy thinks baby is calling dada but baby is not is called ____.
Preintentional
This happens at 7 month or above, babies are able to manipulate sound with intention usually to get what they need.
Examples, using gestures, grabbing, eye contact (join contact) to get what they need is called ____.
Intentional
Mental dictionaries is also called ____.
Lexicon
What age do kids experience rapid growth and realize mom and dads words have meaning. In this age kids begin to combine gestures with the actual word. This increases how effective they are to get what they want..
Age One
A child pointing directly to something they want is called ___.
Deictic gestures
A clear purpose, recognize pronunciation, consistency are all indications of a child’s ___ ____.
First word
What letter is very late in developing?
R
Approximately 50 words in lexicon are developed, syntax and grammatical morphemes instead of just using one word but utterances, they start combining words and using ing is found in what milestone?
Toddlerhood, form
Increased mean length of utterance (MLU)
Average length of utterance
# of morphemes/ # of utterances
What milestone?
Toddlerhood, form
In this milestone, (18 - 24 months) babies have a vocabulary spurt (naming explosion), they can learn 7-9 words everyday increase in receptive lexicon precedes an increase in expressive lexicon (disparity), gender differences (girls typically learn faster), under-extension, and over-extension is used.
Toddlerhood, content
Children apply words only to a specific referent and not a category
Ex. Bird is anything that flies (looks like a bird) is called ___.
Underextension
A child applies words in a wide (inappropriate) context
Ex. Calling everyone her is called ____.
Overextension
Children learning the rules of language is called ____.
Phonology
The final consonant of a word is omitted (ca for cat) is called ___.
Final consonant deletion
The first syllable in a word is repeated (“wa-wa” for water) is called ____.
Reduplication
One consonant in a word takes on features of another consonant (doddie for doggie) is called ____.
Consonant harmony
The unstressed syllable in a word is omitted (jamas for pajamas) is called ___.
Weak syllable deletion
The second syllable in a word is changed to “ee” or “ee” is added to a one syllable word (blankie for blanket or duckie for duck) is called ____.
Diminutization
A consonant cluster (two or more consonants that occur together, as in stick or crayon) is reduced to a single consonant (tick or cayon) is called ____.
Cluster reduction
The consonants /l/ and /r/ are changed to w and y (“wabbit for rabbit and yove for love) is called ___.
Liquid gliding
Syntax and morphology, increase use of grammatical and derivational morphology, grammatical morphology (modify words but do not carry meaning), derivation morphology (modify word structure and carry meaning, additional morphemes (a, an, the), verb morphology develops (am, is, are was), sentence complexity advances are milestones achievements in ____.
Preschool (3-5), form
Lexicon development
-average of 13,000 words by kindergarten
-fast mapping
Decontextualized language
-Events and concepts beyond the here and now (abstract vs. immediate)
-Relies on shared knowledge
-Necessary for discussion of events - past and present
are found in what milestone achievements?
Preschool (3-5 yo), content
More language functions
-interpretive, logical, participatory, organizing
Turn-taking skills
Narratives
-True narratives - age 4
-Predictor of later school outcomes
are found is what milestone achievements?
Preschool (3-5 yo) Use
By start of kindergarten, children will have mastered nearly all native language phonemes
-suppression of phonlogical processes
-enviornmental and biological factors can impact development - linguistic stimulation, middle ear infections
can be found in what milestone achievement?
Preschool (3-5), Speech
Adapting language to fit a variety of communicative settings and purpose is called ___.
Functional flexibility
Language becomes highly decontextualized (literate language) is called ___.
Abstract thinking
Both becoming more complex with age and understanding of the relationship between orthography and phonology is called ____.
Academic skills (reading and writing)
Grows and expands with age, and 60,000 + words by high school graduation is known as ____.
Vocabulary growth
