Chapter 2

Question 1

The knowledge and implicit awareness that speakers of a language have and use to communicate effectively in that language is called ___.

Answer 1

Communicative Competence

Question 2

A speakers actual speech behavior is called ___.

Answer 2

Communicative performace

Question 3

The ability to recognize and produce the distinctive, meaningful sounds of a language or phonemes is called __.

Answer 3

Phonological competence

Question 4

What are two major factors to communicative competence?

Answer 4

Linguistic and Pragmatic competence

Question 5

This occurs when infants shift to focusing more on perceptual differences that are relevant to them.

Answer 5

Perceptual narrowing

Question 6

There are the normal phonological deviations that young children make in producing specific sounds and words, this is called ___.

Answer 6

Phonological Processes

Question 7

The ability to recognize and effectively produce the syntactic and morphological structures of a language is called ___.

Answer 7

Grammatical Competence

Question 8

The ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of a language use.

Answer 8

Lexical Competence

Question 9

This refers to the ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently.

Answer 9

Discourse competence

Question 10

This refers to the ability to communicate in a language for a variety of purposes.

Answer 10

Functional Competence

Question 11

The ability to interpret the social meaning that language conveys and to choose language that is socially appropriate for communication situations.

Answer 11

Sociolinguisitic Competence

Question 12

The variety of speech appropriate to a particular speech situation is called

Answer 12

Speech Register

Question 13

The ability to understand and apply implicit rules for interaction in various communication situations is called __.

Answer 13

Interactional competence

Question 14

The ability to function effectively in cultural contexts, both by interpreting behavior correctly and by behaving in a way that would be considered appropriate by the member of the culture.

Answer 14

Cultural competence

Question 15

What are the three developmental phases that characterize infancy?

Answer 15

Attendance to social partners
Emergence and coordination of joint attention
transition to language

Question 16

Phase one is from (age)

Answer 16

Birth to 6 months

Question 17

Head disproportionate to body, presence of fontanels, irregular motor patterns, reflexes, and very cute are physical appearances of a ___.

Answer 17

New born

Question 18

Babies enjoy looking at people’s faces, generally eyes. What phase is this?

Answer 18

One

Question 19

Babies tend to imitate the facial expressions such as sticking out their tongue and smiling. What phase is this?

Answer 19

One

Question 20

Babies learn how to maintain attention when engaged with others. What phase is this?

Answer 20

One

Question 21

Babies attend to social partners. What phase is this?

Answer 21

One

Question 22

Babies are receptive to interpersonal interactions. What phase is this?

Answer 22

One

Question 23

Phase two is from (age)

Answer 23

6 months to one year

Question 24

Babies engage in joint attention. What phase is this?

Answer 24

Two

Question 25

The simultaneous engagement of two or more individuals in mental focus on a single external object or event is called.

Answer 25

Joint attention

Question 26

When the adult attempts sustain the child's participation in a period of joint focus is called ___.

Answer 26

Supported joint engagement

Question 27

The ability to recognize when one shares a mental focus on some external object or action with another person.

Answer 27

Inter-subjective awareness

Question 28

Deliberate communication which typically emerges around 9 or 10 months of age is called ____.

Answer 28

Intentional Communication

Question 29

Begin to use language for intentional communication is what phase?

Answer 29

Three

Question 30

Phase 3 is from (age)

Answer 30

1 year +

Question 31

The combinations of sounds that are acceptable in their language is called ___.

Answer 31

Phonotactics

Question 32

Parents wait expectantly for initiations, use a slow pace to allow for initiations, and listen to allow the child to complete messages is called ____.

Answer 32

Waiting and listening

Question 33

When a child initiates either verbally or non verbally, parents follow the child's lead by responding verbally to the initiation, using animation, and avoiding vague acknowledgements is called ____.

Answer 33

Following the child's lead

Question 34

Parents build on their child's focus of interest and play without dominating is called ____.

Answer 34

Joining in and playing

Question 35

Parents adjust their physical level by sitting on the floor, leaning forward to facilitate face-to-face interaction, and bending toward the child when above the child's level is called ____.

Answer 35

Being face-to-face

Question 36

Beginning at birth, children all over the world reach certain _______ _______ at approximately the same age and in the same order.

Answer 36

Communicative milestones

Question 37

What are the four main developmental periods?

Answer 37

Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool, school-age

Question 38

Remember some children are _____ and some are very _____.

Answer 38

Slow, Advanced

Question 39

Infants are from what age?

Answer 39

Birth to 6 months

Question 40

What month can babies maintain brief eye contact, focus on outline of caregivers face, able to discriminate loudness, intonation and phonemes, and vocal development (reflexive sounds)?

Answer 40

1 month

Question 41

What month can babies get quiet to familiar voices, move in response to a voice, attends to speakers mouth, discriminate between between angry and friendly voices, vocalizes to caregiver's smile and talk, and vocal development?

Answer 41

2 - 3 months

Question 42

What months can babies follow and reacts to bright colors, movements and objects, turn towards sounds, show interest in and watch faces, and vocal development?

Answer 42

4-6 months

Question 43

What months can babies smile often when playing, laughs, coo or babble when happy (reduplicated), cry when unhappy, searches for the speaker, whines with a manipulative purpose, and attempts to interact with an adult?

Answer 43

6-8 months

Question 44

In this stage, infants produce sounds of distress (e.g crying, fussing) and vegetative sounds (e.g, coughs, burps) , 0-2 months

Answer 44

Reflexive stage

Question 45

In this stage, infants make cooing and gooing sounds, as well as "raspberries", trills, and clicks, 1-4 months.

Answer 45

Control of phonation

Question 46

In this stage, infants produce isolated vowel sounds and vowel glides and may use marginal babbling, 3-8 months.

Answer 46

Expansion

Question 47

In this stage, infants use true consonant sounds and true vowel sounds in various combinations, 5-10 months

Answer 47

Basic Canonical syllables

Question 48

In this stage, infants use diphthongs and jargon but do not yet produce true words, 9-18

Answer 48

Advanced forms

Question 49

A special type of babbling that contains at least two syllables and at least two different consonants and vowels, as well as varied stress or intonation patterns is called ____.

Answer 49

Jargon

Question 50

This happens at 7 months or below, babies practice with pitch variations and adults give meaning but there is no intention. Example, baby says da-da and daddy thinks baby is calling dada but baby is not is called ____.

Answer 50

Preintentional

Question 51

This happens at 7 month or above, babies are able to manipulate sound with intention usually to get what they need. Examples, using gestures, grabbing, eye contact (join contact) to get what they need is called ____.

Answer 51

Intentional

Question 52

Mental dictionaries is also called ____.

Answer 52

Lexicon

Question 53

What age do kids experience rapid growth and realize mom and dads words have meaning. In this age kids begin to combine gestures with the actual word. This increases how effective they are to get what they want..

Answer 53

Age One

Question 54

A child pointing directly to something they want is called ___.

Answer 54

Deictic gestures

Question 55

A clear purpose, recognize pronunciation, consistency are all indications of a child's ___ ____.

Answer 55

First word

Question 56

What letter is very late in developing?

Answer 56

R

Question 57

Approximately 50 words in lexicon are developed, syntax and grammatical morphemes instead of just using one word but utterances, they start combining words and using ing is found in what milestone?

Answer 57

Toddlerhood, form

Question 58

Increased mean length of utterance (MLU) Average length of utterance # of morphemes/ # of utterances What milestone?

Answer 58

Toddlerhood, form

Question 59

In this milestone, (18 - 24 months) babies have a vocabulary spurt (naming explosion), they can learn 7-9 words everyday increase in receptive lexicon precedes an increase in expressive lexicon (disparity), gender differences (girls typically learn faster), under-extension, and over-extension is used.

Answer 59

Toddlerhood, content

Question 60

Children apply words only to a specific referent and not a category Ex. Bird is anything that flies (looks like a bird) is called ___.

Answer 60

Underextension

Question 61

A child applies words in a wide (inappropriate) context Ex. Calling everyone her is called ____.

Answer 61

Overextension

Question 62

Children learning the rules of language is called ____.

Answer 62

Phonology

Question 63

The final consonant of a word is omitted (ca for cat) is called ___.

Answer 63

Final consonant deletion

Question 64

The first syllable in a word is repeated ("wa-wa" for water) is called ____.

Answer 64

Reduplication

Question 65

One consonant in a word takes on features of another consonant (doddie for doggie) is called ____.

Answer 65

Consonant harmony

Question 66

The unstressed syllable in a word is omitted (jamas for pajamas) is called ___.

Answer 66

Weak syllable deletion

Question 67

The second syllable in a word is changed to "ee" or "ee" is added to a one syllable word (blankie for blanket or duckie for duck) is called ____.

Answer 67

Diminutization

Question 68

A consonant cluster (two or more consonants that occur together, as in stick or crayon) is reduced to a single consonant (tick or cayon) is called ____.

Answer 68

Cluster reduction

Question 69

The consonants /l/ and /r/ are changed to w and y ("wabbit for rabbit and yove for love) is called ___.

Answer 69

Liquid gliding

Question 70

Syntax and morphology, increase use of grammatical and derivational morphology, grammatical morphology (modify words but do not carry meaning), derivation morphology (modify word structure and carry meaning, additional morphemes (a, an, the), verb morphology develops (am, is, are was), sentence complexity advances are milestones achievements in ____.

Answer 70

Preschool (3-5), form

Question 71

Lexicon development -average of 13,000 words by kindergarten -fast mapping Decontextualized language -Events and concepts beyond the here and now (abstract vs. immediate) -Relies on shared knowledge -Necessary for discussion of events - past and present are found in what milestone achievements?

Answer 71

Preschool (3-5 yo), content

Question 72

More language functions -interpretive, logical, participatory, organizing Turn-taking skills Narratives -True narratives - age 4 -Predictor of later school outcomes are found is what milestone achievements?

Answer 72

Preschool (3-5 yo) Use

Question 73

By start of kindergarten, children will have mastered nearly all native language phonemes -suppression of phonlogical processes -enviornmental and biological factors can impact development - linguistic stimulation, middle ear infections can be found in what milestone achievement?

Answer 73

Preschool (3-5), Speech

Question 74

Adapting language to fit a variety of communicative settings and purpose is called ___.

Answer 74

Functional flexibility

Question 75

Language becomes highly decontextualized (literate language) is called ___.

Answer 75

Abstract thinking

Question 76

Both becoming more complex with age and understanding of the relationship between orthography and phonology is called ____.

Answer 76

Academic skills (reading and writing)

Question 77

Grows and expands with age, and 60,000 + words by high school graduation is known as ____.

Answer 77

Vocabulary growth