Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the most common resource people rely on when faced with trauma?
Spirituality
Spirituality is intimately connected with what of most people?
Personal values
What percent of american believe in God?
95%
What fraction of people are affiliated with a religious organization?
2/3
How can spirituality be involved in the coping process?
Stable resource
Intervention
Coping response
Outcome
How can your coping choice affect you?
Physically
Psychologically
Socially
What does spirituality provide people?
A variety of pathways for living
What is the definition of coping?
A process such as a search for significance in times of stress that is goal oriented and value driven
What do people strive for and regain during coping strategies?
Strive for meaning and enhanced spirituality
Regain a sense of control or strengthened intimate connections
What is a person’s pursuit during coping?
pursuit towards significance or towards goals worthy of pursuit
What is the definition of spirituality?
a search for the sacred
What are other words that can used for search in the spirituality definition?
efforts to discover
experience
conserve
transform the sacred
What is the definition of sacred?
Those things considered holy or divine
Can sacred things be non theistic?
Yes- life force, or energy can be considered sacred
What is the definition of institutional religion?
Organized beliefs and practices based on a social institution and related to the sacred
What is the definition of spiritual orienting system?
The worldview that people draw from as a foundation for their lives.
What does the spiritual orienting system usually consist of?
Typical behavior Attitudes Values Patterns to relating to others Beliefs Personality
Which famous psychologist considered spirituality as detrimental to psychological health?
Freud
Why did Freud think spirituality detrimental?
It propagates irrational belief or it functions as a defense mechanism (denial)
Avoiding anxiety
passively coping with stress and trauma
What is the first stereotype of spirituality?
Spirituality is a strategy to avoid anxiety
What are the arguments against the 1st stereotype of spirituality?
Religion may create anxiety
There are multiple pathways dealing with spirituality so you can’t generalize
Most converts found greater purpose
Helps people find self actualization
People have different spiritual orientations
What is the 1st spiritual orientation?
Psychological or social goals- reduced distress and belonging
What is the 2nd spiritual orientation?
Motivation towards religion as an end in and of itself
What is the intrinsic orientation?
Achieve closeness with divine or gain spiritual enlightenment
What is the second stereotype of spirituality?
It’s a form of denial
What is the argument against the second stereotype?
Spirituality is broad and has many systems that help them interpret and cope with trauma
Tragedy may be seen as a life lesson
Positive reframing is linked with positive health oucomes
What are the positive health outcomes that are linked with positive reframing?
self esteem
psychological adjustment
personal growth
What is the third stereotype of spirituality?
Spirituality is a passive, avoidant way of coping and defering problems to God
What is the argument against the third stereotype of spirituality?
People see God as a partner not sole controller
Some coping forms are related to active coping
Spirituality is related to increased personal control not decreased
People see God working through, alongside, or supporting them
What is the definition of positive spiritual coping?
Strategies that reflect a benevolent and supportive image of God and the spiritual community
What is included in positive spiritual coping?
spiritual forgiveness seeking spiritual support collaborative coping spiritual connection benevolent spiritual reappraisals
What does spiritual forgiveness involve?
Seeking forgiveness from God
Seeking help to let go of anger towards others
What does spiritual support involve?
Seeking love and care from God
What does collaborative coping refer to?
Thinking of God as an active partner working on people’s coping plans and actions
What does spiritual connection refer to?
Seeking a stronger connection with God through religious service, prayer, reading scripture
What does benevolent reappraisals involve?
Positive interpretation of the event, holding a spiritual benefit.
What is the definition of negative spiritual coping?
Strategies that reflect spiritual isolation and conflict
What does negative spiritual coping include?
Spiritual disconnect
demonic reappraisals
reappraisals of God’s power
What does spiritual disconnect refer to?
questioning god’s love, or interpreting the event as abandonment from God
What does interpersonal spiritual disconnect refer to?
conflicts with a religious community or feelings of spiritual abandonment
What does demonic reappraisals involve?
interpreting the event as the work of the devil
What does punishing god reappraisals involve?
interpreting the event as a punishment from God for our sins or lack of spiritual devotion
What does reappraisals of God’s power involve?
Considering that God may not be all powerful
What does positive and negative spiritual coping create?
positive-positive stress related growth
Negative- emotional distress, poor health like depression and anxiety
Should negative spiritual coping always be considered bad?
No, more research is needed.
it should be considered a red flag
When does “wrong direction” occur?
When the destinations, goals, or purposes in life are not well integrated
What did Pargament write?
Any end, even the most virtuous, can become problematic when pursued to the exclusion of other values
What are other examples of “wrong direction”
When spiritual goals are the exclusive focus and attention
Goals that appear noble, but have deeper motives like oppression, prejudice and abuse
When does “wrong road” occur?
When there may be well-integrated values and direction, but the methods are integrated with other behavior
What are examples of wrong road?
One sided interpretation
One sided approach to coping
Perceiving personal control as too low or high
Extremism or apathy
What is coping “against the stream?”
When the lack of integration of an individual within his/her religious system
What are the outcomes of coping against the stream?
Costly
May benefit
Greater self control or efficacy
May create more adaptive behavior in community
What provides the foundation for coping?
The orienting system
What does coping involve?
organizing and using resources to overcome stress
What occurs when the orienting system is strong, well developed and well integrated?
Coping is more adaptive
What are the four disintegrations of the orienting system?
Undifferentiated spirituality
Fragmented spirituality
Inflexible spirituality
Insecure spirituality
What is undifferentiated spirituality?
One-sided spirituality and involves pursuing one narrow aspect of faith and ignoring the full spectrum
What does undifferentiated spirituality cause?
Inability to produce a variety of coping response
No improvement or adaptation in orienting system
A Fatalistic view point
When does fragmented spirituality occur?
When there is a gap between what one says does and believes
What occurs with fragmented spirituality?
Beliefs become disconnected with practice
Coping may feel hallow and pointless
Problems in coping may occur
What is inflexible spirituality?
Extreme spiritual fundamentalism that may support prejudice and intolerance
How will people with inflexible spirituality react?
Lash out in anger
Threats to faith
What is flexible spiritual coping?
Allowing different perspectives to interpret various stressful events
What is insecure spiritual attachment?
Feeling alienated from the sacred and distrustful that God will be there during tough times
What can insecure spiritual attachment lead to?
Estrangement from spiritual community No stable resources Heightened anxiety ambivalence towards resources use harmful coping methods
What percent of people expressed spiritual problems and conflict?
25%
What are precautions that should be used in practice?
Respect the patient
Organize own bias
Monitor intonation and body language to ensure acceptance
Develop expertise
Obtain training or supervision
Do not just provide answers use a listening ear
Interventions are culturally sensitive
What are questions that can be asked about spirituality?
- Is spirituality or religion important to you? (if no, don’t continue)
- Are there ways that your spirituality (religion) has been helpful to you as you have coped with your illness?
- Do you have any spiritual questions or challenges that are causing you some concern?
What can you use to diagnose spiritual distress?
Spiritual Affect Scale
Brief RCOPE
What does the Spiritual Affect Scale asses?
Affective quality of relationship with the sacred
What does the Brief RCOPE asses?
Negative and positive spiritual coping
What percent of people preferred psychotherapy with spiritual focus compared to no spiritual focus?
78%
What are the five types of interventions?
Individual intervention Spiritual integrated psychotherapy Meditation Forgiveness intervention Structured Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
What is individual intervention?
Clergy or mental health professional talking to the patient (good for people with grounded religious orientation)
What is spiritual integrated psychotherapy?
use images of a spiritual sacred being with them in times of stress
What is meditation?
The focus on one thing other than the stress
What does forgiveness intervention lead to?
compassion
release
healing
hope
What is Structured CBT
Cognitive-behavior therapy
Focus on changing thoughts, images, and behavior
