Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the 2 compartment unit of the ruminant stomach?

A

the ruminoreticulum (rumen and reticulum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the name of the 3 compartment unit of the ruminant stomach?

A

the forestomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum) - non-glandular with stratified squamous lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the lining of the rumen?

A

papillae (for the absorption of VFAs) - stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the lining of the reticulum?

A

honeycomb - stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the lining of omasum?

A

parallel laminae - to trap ingesta and remove water - stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the lining of the abomasum?

A

glandular walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

separates dorsal and ventral sacs of rumen

A

rumenal grooves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

separates cranial sac and dorsal sac in rumen

A

cranial pillar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

separates dorsal and ventral caudal blind sacs

A

caudal pillar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differentiate grooves and pillars (location-wise)

A

grooves are external and pillars are internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why must a ruminant animal maintain upright position continually (sternal recumbency)?

A

cardia must be above level of ingesta so gas can be belched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is another less critical reason for the upright position?

A

Facilitate regurgitation of ingesta for remastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure that allows milk to bypass the rumen in calves? Why is this important?

A

reticular groove - It closes to create tube for milk to pass directly into abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are four attachment points of the ruminant stomach?

A

diaphragm at the cardia, dorsal adhesion of dorsal sac to dorsal wall of abdominal cavity, greater and lesser omenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When the abomasum displaces to the left it goes under which part of the stomach?

A

cranial sac of the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are the liver and duodenum displaced in an LDA?

A

lesser omentum attaches to abomasum and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Penetration of a nail or wire through the cranial aspect of the reticulum could damage which organ?

A

The heart (pericardium?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Difference between omental bursa and omental recess?

A

Omental bursa (space between omental layers) - supra(omental) recess (contains intestines within omental sling) - space created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What part of the ruminant stomach lies in the omental bursa?

A

ventral sac of the rumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The lesser omentum of the ox attaches to what specific part of the gut and to which side of what solid organ?

A

lesser curvature of abomasum; visceral (ventral) surface of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the location of the omasum?

A

to the right of the reticulum, ventral to the liver, dorsal to initial part of the abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is the small intestine much longer in ruminants than in the horse?

A

digestion of rumen bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is the spiral colon of ruminants easily discernable on a left view but not on a right view?

A

covered by mesentary on the right view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does C1 differ from the rumen?

A

Lacks papillae and has glands in the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does C2 differ from the reticulum?

A

walls lined by glandular saccules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is the lesser omentum so small in the horse?

A

lesser curvature is small because cardia and pylorus are right next to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Main attachment points of equine cecum/large colon?

A

cecum is attached to dorsal body wall ventral to right kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Three sites of equine impaction

A

cecal/colic orifice, pelvic flexure of colon, right dorsal colon/small colon juncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In the horse what organ(s) is/are attached to the surface of each kidney?

A

Left kidney: spleen; right kidney: cecum, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does equine bowel entrapment occur?

A

nephrosplenic ligament: left colon entrapment; epiploic foramen: loop of small intestine entrapment

31
Q

Bands (of equine large intestine) always associated with _________.

A

sacculations

32
Q

How many bands found on the cecum and ventral colons?

A

Have 4 bands

33
Q

How many bands on the small colon?

A

has 2 bands

34
Q

Which species have intestinal bands?

A

horses and pigs

35
Q

The epiploic foramen is entrance to what?

A

omental bursa

36
Q

What vessels bound the foramen on the dorsal and ventral sides?

A

ventral: portal vein
dorsal: caudal vena cava

37
Q

To enter the foramen in the horse one must pass over what portion of gut and under which organ?

A

over the duodenum, under the liver

38
Q

Trace the normal route of ingesta passage through the equine intestines.

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, right ventral colon, ventral diaphragmatic flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, dorsal diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, descending colon

39
Q

Occurs when one part of the intestine rolls into another

A

intussusception

40
Q

where intussusception usually occurs

A

ileum

41
Q

The duodenum loops around what structure in the horse?

A

base of the cecum

42
Q

How does the equine descending colon differ from that of other species?

A

elongated so ingesta can dry out before being defecated

43
Q

How could the position of the descending colon be useful in distinguishing right vs. left side on VD radiographs of a dog or cat abdomen?

A

descending colon on left side

44
Q

What animals or groups of animals lack a gallbladder?

A

horses, camelids, cervids, rats, giraffes

45
Q

Midpoint of ascending colon in horse

A

pelvic flexure

46
Q

Midpoint of ascending colon in ox and pig

A

central flexure

47
Q

attachment of spleen in most domestic animals

A

mobile and lies in greater omentum - attached to stomach via gastosplenic ligament

48
Q

attachement of spleen in ruminants

A

fused to rumen

49
Q

Which animal has an ileococcal orifice and why is this different from other domestic animals?

A

Horse; when equine ileum enters cecum it is entering derivate of the colon

50
Q

Which animal has a vermiform (worm like) appendix?

A

rabbit

51
Q

advantages of foregut fermenters

A

can gather and store large quantities of food quickly for later chewing and fermentation; more complete mechanical breakdown; fewer fermentation product losses

52
Q

disadvantages of foregut fermenters

A

less carbohydrate access

53
Q

advantages of hindgut fermenters

A

can breakdown nutrients more quickly, quick excretion, less fermentation loss of soluble nutrients

54
Q

disadvantages of hindgut fermenters

A

less room for storage, less time for fermentation, no nitrogen recycling, no regurgitation possible

55
Q

Differences between human and veterinary gut nomenclature

A

Human; jejunum is cranial 40% and ileum is caudal 60%; veterinary; ileum is short terminal segment of small intestines

56
Q

Which forestomach groove is internal and what is its function?

A

reticular groove is internal

conducts ingesta from cardia to omasum

57
Q

What is meant by submersion of the cardia in ruminants?

A

fluid level is above the cardia (gas cannot escape)

58
Q

Why would you want milk to bypass the rumen in calves?

A

to escape fermentation activity of the ruminoreticulum

59
Q

What structure is covered by the lesser omentum in the ox?

A

lesser omentum covers the omasum

60
Q

How is the muscle coat and “geometry” of the layout of the spiral intestine of pigs different from that of ruminants?

A
  • Spiral colon of ruminants is planar, but it is 3D in the pig (cone shaped)
  • pig also has rudimentary bands and sacculations in the centripedal spiral colon
61
Q

Relate bowel displacement to the main attachment points of the equine cecum/large colon

A
  • Cecum attached to dorsal body wall ventral to right kidney, serving as the main fixation point for entire cecum and large colon (large colon attaches to base of cecum)
  • displacement becomes much more likely as the distance from attachment increases
62
Q

Where does bowel entrapment occur? How are these sites formed?

A

Bowel entrapment occurs when the small intestine becomes entrapped in epiploic foramen
-left large colon entrapped in nephrosplenic space

63
Q

What forms bands of the equine large intestine?

A

Bands are condensation of longituinal smooth muscle that pull the wall into pleats

64
Q

Compare the location of the descending duodenum and the descending colon

A
  • duodenum - more cranial, slightly to the right of the midline
  • descending colon (small colon) more caudal - lies on midline
65
Q

Where does spleen attach in ruminant?

A

fused to the rumen, no attachment to omentum

66
Q

where does the spleen attach in the horse?

A

attach to left kidney via nephrosplenic ligament

67
Q

Which animal has the largest spleen proportionately? Advantages?

A

Horse - act as a blood reservoir to inject RBC’s into systemic circulation to carry more oxygen for greater athletic ability

68
Q

Which animals lack cecocolic orifices?

A

pigs and ruminants

69
Q

What animal has an ileococal orifice and why is this differnt from other domestic animals?

A

horse, in most other species, the ileum enters directly into the colon

70
Q

What type of tissue makes up the vermiform appendix?

A

lymphatic tissue

71
Q

Compare small herbivores (mice and rats) with large herbivores (cattle)

A

small herbivores are hindgut fermenters

large are foregut fermenters

72
Q

Which would required the most energy, concentrated diet, and why?

A

Small herbivores require more concentrated because they are able to utilitze ingested carbds directly and are not able to utilize feremeted producs (VFAs)
- also small have higher metabolic rate and thus need more energy conc diet

73
Q

Which small or large herbivores best utilize plant seeds scattered on the ground in a grassy field?

A

small becuase - since they are protein rich, the proteins would be able to be digested rather than destroyed in the rumen

Anatomy (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions