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Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the 2 compartment unit of the ruminant stomach?

A

the ruminoreticulum (rumen and reticulum)

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2
Q

What is the name of the 3 compartment unit of the ruminant stomach?

A

the forestomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum) - non-glandular with stratified squamous lining

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3
Q

What is the lining of the rumen?

A

papillae (for the absorption of VFAs) - stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What is the lining of the reticulum?

A

honeycomb - stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What is the lining of omasum?

A

parallel laminae - to trap ingesta and remove water - stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What is the lining of the abomasum?

A

glandular walls

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7
Q

separates dorsal and ventral sacs of rumen

A

rumenal grooves

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8
Q

separates cranial sac and dorsal sac in rumen

A

cranial pillar

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9
Q

separates dorsal and ventral caudal blind sacs

A

caudal pillar

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10
Q

Differentiate grooves and pillars (location-wise)

A

grooves are external and pillars are internal

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11
Q

Why must a ruminant animal maintain upright position continually (sternal recumbency)?

A

cardia must be above level of ingesta so gas can be belched

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12
Q

What is another less critical reason for the upright position?

A

Facilitate regurgitation of ingesta for remastication

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13
Q

Structure that allows milk to bypass the rumen in calves? Why is this important?

A

reticular groove - It closes to create tube for milk to pass directly into abomasum

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14
Q

What are four attachment points of the ruminant stomach?

A

diaphragm at the cardia, dorsal adhesion of dorsal sac to dorsal wall of abdominal cavity, greater and lesser omenta

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15
Q

When the abomasum displaces to the left it goes under which part of the stomach?

A

cranial sac of the rumen

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16
Q

Why are the liver and duodenum displaced in an LDA?

A

lesser omentum attaches to abomasum and liver

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17
Q

Penetration of a nail or wire through the cranial aspect of the reticulum could damage which organ?

A

The heart (pericardium?)

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18
Q

Difference between omental bursa and omental recess?

A

Omental bursa (space between omental layers) - supra(omental) recess (contains intestines within omental sling) - space created

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19
Q

What part of the ruminant stomach lies in the omental bursa?

A

ventral sac of the rumen

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20
Q

The lesser omentum of the ox attaches to what specific part of the gut and to which side of what solid organ?

A

lesser curvature of abomasum; visceral (ventral) surface of liver

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21
Q

What is the location of the omasum?

A

to the right of the reticulum, ventral to the liver, dorsal to initial part of the abomasum

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22
Q

Why is the small intestine much longer in ruminants than in the horse?

A

digestion of rumen bacteria

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23
Q

Why is the spiral colon of ruminants easily discernable on a left view but not on a right view?

A

covered by mesentary on the right view

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24
Q

How does C1 differ from the rumen?

A

Lacks papillae and has glands in the wall

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25
How does C2 differ from the reticulum?
walls lined by glandular saccules
26
Why is the lesser omentum so small in the horse?
lesser curvature is small because cardia and pylorus are right next to each other
27
Main attachment points of equine cecum/large colon?
cecum is attached to dorsal body wall ventral to right kidney.
28
Three sites of equine impaction
cecal/colic orifice, pelvic flexure of colon, right dorsal colon/small colon juncture
29
In the horse what organ(s) is/are attached to the surface of each kidney?
Left kidney: spleen; right kidney: cecum, pancreas
30
Where does equine bowel entrapment occur?
nephrosplenic ligament: left colon entrapment; epiploic foramen: loop of small intestine entrapment
31
Bands (of equine large intestine) always associated with _________.
sacculations
32
How many bands found on the cecum and ventral colons?
Have 4 bands
33
How many bands on the small colon?
has 2 bands
34
Which species have intestinal bands?
horses and pigs
35
The epiploic foramen is entrance to what?
omental bursa
36
What vessels bound the foramen on the dorsal and ventral sides?
ventral: portal vein dorsal: caudal vena cava
37
To enter the foramen in the horse one must pass over what portion of gut and under which organ?
over the duodenum, under the liver
38
Trace the normal route of ingesta passage through the equine intestines.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, right ventral colon, ventral diaphragmatic flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, dorsal diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, descending colon
39
Occurs when one part of the intestine rolls into another
intussusception
40
where intussusception usually occurs
ileum
41
The duodenum loops around what structure in the horse?
base of the cecum
42
How does the equine descending colon differ from that of other species?
elongated so ingesta can dry out before being defecated
43
How could the position of the descending colon be useful in distinguishing right vs. left side on VD radiographs of a dog or cat abdomen?
descending colon on left side
44
What animals or groups of animals lack a gallbladder?
horses, camelids, cervids, rats, giraffes
45
Midpoint of ascending colon in horse
pelvic flexure
46
Midpoint of ascending colon in ox and pig
central flexure
47
attachment of spleen in most domestic animals
mobile and lies in greater omentum - attached to stomach via gastosplenic ligament
48
attachement of spleen in ruminants
fused to rumen
49
Which animal has an ileococcal orifice and why is this different from other domestic animals?
Horse; when equine ileum enters cecum it is entering derivate of the colon
50
Which animal has a vermiform (worm like) appendix?
rabbit
51
advantages of foregut fermenters
can gather and store large quantities of food quickly for later chewing and fermentation; more complete mechanical breakdown; fewer fermentation product losses
52
disadvantages of foregut fermenters
less carbohydrate access
53
advantages of hindgut fermenters
can breakdown nutrients more quickly, quick excretion, less fermentation loss of soluble nutrients
54
disadvantages of hindgut fermenters
less room for storage, less time for fermentation, no nitrogen recycling, no regurgitation possible
55
Differences between human and veterinary gut nomenclature
Human; jejunum is cranial 40% and ileum is caudal 60%; veterinary; ileum is short terminal segment of small intestines
56
Which forestomach groove is internal and what is its function?
reticular groove is internal | conducts ingesta from cardia to omasum
57
What is meant by submersion of the cardia in ruminants?
fluid level is above the cardia (gas cannot escape)
58
Why would you want milk to bypass the rumen in calves?
to escape fermentation activity of the ruminoreticulum
59
What structure is covered by the lesser omentum in the ox?
lesser omentum covers the omasum
60
How is the muscle coat and "geometry" of the layout of the spiral intestine of pigs different from that of ruminants?
- Spiral colon of ruminants is planar, but it is 3D in the pig (cone shaped) - pig also has rudimentary bands and sacculations in the centripedal spiral colon
61
Relate bowel displacement to the main attachment points of the equine cecum/large colon
- Cecum attached to dorsal body wall ventral to right kidney, serving as the main fixation point for entire cecum and large colon (large colon attaches to base of cecum) - displacement becomes much more likely as the distance from attachment increases
62
Where does bowel entrapment occur? How are these sites formed?
Bowel entrapment occurs when the small intestine becomes entrapped in epiploic foramen -left large colon entrapped in nephrosplenic space
63
What forms bands of the equine large intestine?
Bands are condensation of longituinal smooth muscle that pull the wall into pleats
64
Compare the location of the descending duodenum and the descending colon
- duodenum - more cranial, slightly to the right of the midline - descending colon (small colon) more caudal - lies on midline
65
Where does spleen attach in ruminant?
fused to the rumen, no attachment to omentum
66
where does the spleen attach in the horse?
attach to left kidney via nephrosplenic ligament
67
Which animal has the largest spleen proportionately? Advantages?
Horse - act as a blood reservoir to inject RBC's into systemic circulation to carry more oxygen for greater athletic ability
68
Which animals lack cecocolic orifices?
pigs and ruminants
69
What animal has an ileococal orifice and why is this differnt from other domestic animals?
horse, in most other species, the ileum enters directly into the colon
70
What type of tissue makes up the vermiform appendix?
lymphatic tissue
71
Compare small herbivores (mice and rats) with large herbivores (cattle)
small herbivores are hindgut fermenters | large are foregut fermenters
72
Which would required the most energy, concentrated diet, and why?
Small herbivores require more concentrated because they are able to utilitze ingested carbds directly and are not able to utilize feremeted producs (VFAs) - also small have higher metabolic rate and thus need more energy conc diet
73
Which small or large herbivores best utilize plant seeds scattered on the ground in a grassy field?
small becuase - since they are protein rich, the proteins would be able to be digested rather than destroyed in the rumen

Anatomy (13 decks)

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