Chapter 1

Question 1

Small ruminants vs. cattle, which are more prone to pressure sores?

Answer 1

cattle

Question 2

small ruminants vs. cattle, which have higher nutritional needs/kg body weight?

Answer 2

small ruminants

Question 3

Why are polar bears larger than other bears?

Answer 3

smaller animals lose heat faster

Question 4

Why is the life span of horses >10x that of mice?

Answer 4

Smaller animals have higher metabolic rates so they “burn up” faster

Question 5

How would the size of an animal affect vulnerability of pressure damage and why?

Answer 5

Pressure is a function of weight/area so that when animals suffer prolonged recumbency pressure damage is greater in larger animals causing pressure sores

Question 6

Why do cats have better survival rates than dogs and humans that fall from tall buildings?

Answer 6

Smaller animals have lower terminal velocity when falling. Their bodies act as parachutes.

Question 7

Why are there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae in mammals?

Answer 7

extra nerve at C7-T1, called C8

Question 8

What is the main factor affecting cervical length in quadruped mammals?

Answer 8

forelimb length

Question 9

Compare cranial end of cervical vertebral bodies in horse vs. dog.

Answer 9

convex in horse, flat in dog

Question 10

Compare caudal end of cervical vertebral bodies in horse vs. dog

Answer 10

concave in horse, flat in dog

Question 11

direction of movement of atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 11

yes joint, no rotation

Question 12

direction of movement of atlanto-axial joints

Answer 12

no joint, it rotates

Question 13

How does the bird differ from mammals in neck joints?

Answer 13

Single occipital condyle so more rotation

Question 14

How do C1 and C2 differ from all other verterbrae?

Answer 14

uniquely shaped, C1 (atlas) has wings but lacks a body, C2 (axis) has large spinous process and has a dens

Question 15

How does C7 differ from C3-C7?

Answer 15

Transitional Shape, taller spinous process, lack of perforated transverse process, presence of facets for articulation with first pair of ribs

Question 16

mindventral skin fold of cattle

Answer 16

dewlap

Question 17

region between ears and immediately caudal

Answer 17

poll

Question 18

without horns

Answer 18

polled

Question 19

similarity between goats and chickens

Answer 19

wattle - skin appendages on upper neck

Question 20

location of funicular ligament in horses/ruminants

Answer 20

thoracic spines to skull

Question 21

location of lamellar ligament in horses/ruminants

Answer 21

thoracic spines to C2-C7

Question 22

location of funicular ligament in dogs

Answer 22

thoracic spines to spine of axis

Question 23

do not have nuchal ligament

Answer 23

pigs and cats

Question 24

dorsal to nuchal ligament in horse

Answer 24

fatty nuchal crest

Question 25

dorsal to nuchal ligament in ox

Answer 25

rhomboideus muscle

Question 26

In what species does the thymus extend significantly into the cervical region?

Answer 26

pigs and ruminants

Question 27

internal jugular vein usually absent

Answer 27

horse

Question 28

internal jugular vein largest of domestic mammals

Answer 28

swine

Question 29

mammalian species with largest internal jugular vein

Answer 29

human

Question 30

anatomic boundaries of jugular groove in horse

Answer 30

cleidomastoideus, sternomandibularis, omohyoideus

Question 31

anatomic boundaries of jugular groove in ox

Answer 31

cleidomastoideus, sternmandibularis, sternomastoideus

Question 32

boundaries of Viborg’s triangle

Answer 32

sternomandibularis tendon, angle of mandible, linguofacial vein

Question 33

landmarks for venipuncture in camelids

Answer 33

transverse processes of C5 and C6

Question 34

Tracheal lymphatic duct issues from the ________ lymph node

Answer 34

retropharyngeal

Question 35

The lymph nodes that lie along the trachea are called the _________ lymph nodes in the cervical region and the _________ lymph nodes in the thorax.

Answer 35

deep cervical, cranial mediastinal

Question 36

Relate drug doses to body size

Answer 36

drug doses/weight are higher for smaller animals because they metabolize drugs faster

Question 37

T or F - in most vertebral regions the number of spinal nerves is the same as the number of vertebrae cranial to the nerve.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

How are the articular processes of the cervical region oriented? What type of movement would you expect?

Answer 38

articular surfaces are large and capsules are loose.

Allows for lateral and dorso-ventral flexion (yes/no) as well as rotation

Question 39

How are the articular process of the thoracic and lumbar regions oriented? What type of movement would you expect?

Answer 39

Thoracic and lumbar surfaces have a radial aligmment and movement is restricted do dorso-ventral flexion

Question 40

How does the shape of the cervical vertebral bodies vary between horse and dog?

Answer 40

The body of the vertebrae is more elongated in the horse than the dog

Question 41

Differentiate between funicular and lamellar parts of the nuchal ligament in the horse.

Answer 41

Funicular: thoracic spines to skull; cordlike and dorsal
Lamellar: thoracic spines to C2-C7; sheetlike and ventral to funicular

Question 42

What is meant by androgen hypertrophy?

Answer 42

Increase of muscle mass due to presence of anabolic steroids in males

Question 43

What function does androgen hypertrophy serve for deer and elk?

Answer 43

To carry and fight with antlers

Question 44

When is adrogen hypertrophy seasonal?

Answer 44

During antler growing and rut season

Question 45

What is the rut?

Answer 45

The time of year that deer are in heat, and bucks undergo androgen hypertrophy for fighting purposes

Question 46

Which muscle is most affected by androgen hypertrophy in cattle?

Answer 46

Rhomboideus muscle