Chapter 2

Question 1

Ribs pairs in horses

Answer 1

18 (19)

Question 2

Rib pairs in ruminants and dogs

Answer 2

13

Question 3

rib pairs in pigs

Answer 3

15

Question 4

rib pairs in humans and camelids

Answer 4

12

Question 5

How does rib size relate to number?

Answer 5

More ribs means narrower ribs, which are more mobile.

Question 6

How do ribs move in respiration?

Answer 6

Ribs move cranial/lateral with inspiration and caudal/medial during expiration

Question 7

Compare the depth of the chest in dog, horse, ruminant

Answer 7

ruminants>horse>dog

Question 8

Why the difference in chest depth?

Answer 8

Chest in deeper in herbivores to make possible a deeper abdominal cavity for more massive abdominal viscera needed to digest plant material and allow time for fermentation

Question 9

Where do the intercostal veins drain to?

Answer 9

azygos vein

Question 10

What side would you choose to correct a PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)?

Answer 10

Right lateral recumbency (PDA would have to be accessed from left side)

Question 11

The subsinuosal interventricular groove of the heart takes its name from what adjacent structure?

Answer 11

coronary sinus

Question 12

The paraconal interventricular groove of the heart takes its name from what adjacent structure?

Answer 12

conus arteriosus

Question 13

shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

Answer 13

ductus arteriosus

Question 14

shunt that diverts blood away from the sinusoids and toward systemic veins

Answer 14

ductus venosus

Question 15

origin of subsinusoidal artery in dog and ox

Answer 15

left coronary artery

Question 16

origin of subsinusoidal artery in horse and pig

Answer 16

right coronary artery

Question 17

Flaps of AV valves (how they are named)

Answer 17

Right AV valve: septal, parietal, angular cusps - Left AV valve: septal and parietal cusps

Question 18

Drain into sinus venarum in dog

Answer 18

great and middle cardiac veins

Question 19

smooth-walled area of right atrium where blood is received from vena cavae and coronary sinus

Answer 19

sinus venarum

Question 20

junction between sinus venosus and heart in developing embryo

Answer 20

crista terminalis

Question 21

What species would be best for myocardial sampling and what route?

Answer 21

swine because they have a left azygos vein only and it drains to the cardiac vein

Question 22

define pluck

Answer 22

slaughterhouse term for thoracic viscera

Question 23

define sweetbreads

Answer 23

thymus, sometimes pancreas

Question 24

define brisket

Answer 24

enlarged cranial part of ox sternum; provides support during sternal recumbency

Question 25

define withers

Answer 25

top of shoulder, highest part of thorax

Question 26

define hilus

Answer 26

where vessels enter/exit lung

Question 27

define carina

Answer 27

where trachea bifurcates into bronchii

Question 28

define os cordis

Answer 28

bones caudal to aortic valve in ox

Question 29

Significance of line of pleural reflection

Answer 29

needle must be above this line to collect fluid from pleural cavity

Question 30

laryngeal hemiplagia (roaring) cause

Answer 30

left side is where the recurrent layrngeal nerve wraps around the base of the aorta. At this point it is exposed to the tracheobronchial lymphocenter. Inflammation of these nodes might damage the nerve

Question 31

vagal indigestion (cause)

Answer 31

caused by damage to vagus nerve, which can occur from caudal mediastinal lymph nodes

Question 32

the tracheal (apical) bronchus is characteristic of what species?

Answer 32

ruminants and pigs

Question 33

Is the tracheal (apical) bronchus a primary or secondary bronchus?

Answer 33

primary - branches off trachea | secondary - goes directly to lung lobe (right cranial)

Question 34

esophageal muscle in ruminants and dogs

Answer 34

striated all the way to stomach

Question 35

esophageal muscle in horse, cat, human

Answer 35

caudal to heart - transitions from striated to smooth

Question 36

Why does the thoracic cavity overlap the abdominal cavity?

Answer 36

allows for greater lung space

Question 37

What nerve originates with the brachial plexus but enters the thoracic cavity?

Answer 37

phrenic nerve

Question 38

structure of zebu hump

Answer 38

rhomboideus muscle

Question 39

structure of bison hump

Answer 39

high thoracic spines and rhomboideus muscle

Question 40

structure of camel humps

Answer 40

fat and fibrous tissue

Question 41

thoracic lymph nodes in carcass

Answer 41

intercostal, sternal, axillary

Question 42

thoracic lymph nodes in pluck

Answer 42

mediastinal, tracheobronchial

Question 43

What cervical lymph nodes are continuous with the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes?

Answer 43

deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 44

what does azygous mean?

Answer 44

single - not existing in pairs

Question 45

have right azygos vein only

Answer 45

dog, cat, horse, camelids

Question 46

right and left azygos veins, but left is larger

Answer 46

ruminants

Question 47

left azygos vein only

Answer 47

swine

Question 48

Relate how the ribs move in respiration to the "artificial respiration" and the gallop of the horse

Answer 48

In gallop, there is synchronization of respiration with gait

Question 49

Define mitral valve

Answer 49

bicuspid valve = left atrioventricular valve = mitral valve

Question 50

Define tricuspid valve

Answer 50

right atrioventricular valve = tricuspid valve

Question 51

Define semilunar valves

Answer 51

pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 52

Define tracheal bronchus

Answer 52

branch off of trachea to right cranial lobe in ruminants and swine

Question 53

Define RAT

Answer 53

Right atrioventricular, tricuspid

Question 54

Define LAMB

Answer 54

Left atrioventricular, mitral, bicuspid

Question 55

If you had a choice as a veterinary surgeon of which side to put down in lateral recumbency, which side would you choose with regard to pulmonary function?

Answer 55

Left lateral recumbency would be best because the right lung has greater capacity and should not be compressed unless necessary

Question 56

Differentiate between atrium and auricle

Answer 56

atrium is main chamber for blood - auricles are extra storage

Question 57

Differentiate between pectinate and papillary muscles

Answer 57

pectinate muscles are in the atria and auricles for support - papillary muscles are in the ventricles to support the chordae tendinae

Question 58

Differentiate between ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus

Answer 58

Ductus arteriosus: connects pulmonary trunk and aorta in fetus Ductus venosus: channel through fetal liver from umbilical vein to caudal vena cava

Question 59

How does the location of the subsinusoidal artery affect the relative size of the coronary artery

Answer 59

The left coronary artery would be bigger in dogs and ruminants The right coronary artery would be bigger in horses and pigs

Question 60

How are the flaps of the AV valves named?

Answer 60

parietal cusp: attached to the parietal side of the heart | septal cusp: attached to the septal side of the heart

Question 61

What prevents prolapse of the parietal and septal cusps?

Answer 61

tension from the chordae tendinae

Question 62

What is the course of the azygous vein?

Answer 62

courses from abdomen into dorsal mediastinum, which returns blood from thorax to heart -drain thoracic wall

Question 63

What is the course of the hemiazygous vein?

Answer 63

passes cranially around the root of the lung | - drains thoracic wall (intercostal veins)

Question 64

What equine structure resembles camel humps

Answer 64

nuchal fatty crest