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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

How doe sthe positon of the ovary vary among domestic mammals?

A
  • carnivore ovarian position is more cranial due to suspensory ligament
  • ungulate ovarian position is more caudal, there is no suspensory ligament
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2
Q

What causes these differences in ovarian position and how does this cause relate to formation of the ovarian bursa?

A
  • these differences are due to the presece or absence of suspensory ligament
  • tight fusion of the mesosalpinx and mesovarium in the carnivore result in a more closed ovarian bursa that encloses the ovary
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3
Q

What forms the walls of the ovarian bursa and how does the peritoneal opening of the dog and ungulates compare?

A
  • mesosalpinx forms the bursa along w/ the mesovarium
  • the peritoneal opening in the carnivore is small and fat-filled
  • in the ungulate it is wide open and transparent
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4
Q

In what ways is the ovary of the mare different from that of other ungulates?

A
  • mare has large ovulation fossa on the free border, smooth surface
  • the sow has many prominent follicles like a clump of grapes
  • the cow has a a flat ovary, copora lutea are prominent on the surface projections
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5
Q

How does fusion of the uterine horns and other derivatives of the paramesonephric ducts vary among the domestic mammals?

A

degree of fusion: woman>mare>cow>sow or bitch>doe>marsupial

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6
Q

Compare and contrast the uterine blood supply of ungulates and the dog.

A
  • dog has two aas: uterine branch of ovarian a and uterine branch of the vaginal a, the main supply of the uterus
  • the cow, mare and sow have three aas: uterine branch of ovarian a, middle uterine a. from the external iliac a. of the mare and int. iliac of cow, and the uterine branch of the vaginal a.
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7
Q

Compare the vascular supply/drainage of the ovary and uterus of ruminants vs. mare and discuss the physiological significance of cow/mare anat. diff

A

-venous drainage: the ovarian a is closely attached to the ovarian v. allowing luteolytic factors from the uterus to be transferred from vein to a. and then carried to ovary where lysis of CL takes place in the ruminants, and not in mare.

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8
Q

Mention two things that could make the passage of a pipette difficult in a cow.

A
  • suburethral diverticulum

- transverse folds

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9
Q

Which female animal has the most developed clitoris and how does she use it?

A
  • mare

- winks it at the stallions to alert them to the mare being in or close to estrus

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10
Q

In which species, gender, and location is the urethral sinus, urethral diverticulum, suburethral divert, and preputial diverticulum?

A
  • urethral sinus: horse, male, penis
  • urethral diverticulum: horse, female, near ischiatic arch
  • suburethral diverticulum: male ruminants/sows
  • preputial divert: pig, boar, preputial opening
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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the urethral sinus, urethral diverticulum, suburethral divert, and preputial diverticulum?

A
  • urethral sinus: location of bean, painful
  • urethral diverticulum: causes catheterization problems
  • suburethral diverticulum: could make passage of pipette diffic
  • preputial diverticulum: stink sac, masturb. prob, if the boar ejaculates into div.
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12
Q

How many pairs of mammary glands are present in the sow, bitch, queen, cow, mare ewe, and doe?

A
  • sow: 7 pair
  • bitch: 5 pair
  • cow: 2 pair
  • queen: 4 pair
  • mare and ewe: 1 pair
  • doe: 1 pair
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13
Q

Which species lack male nipples? (Why is the old saying “ worthless as teats on a boar hog” erroneous?)

A

Male horses and mice lack nipples. Boar hogs do have teats. The number of teats a boar hog has indicates the number of teats his female offspring will have.

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14
Q

Compare and contrast the udders 1st and 2nd vascular supply in regard to edema and amputations.

A
  • amputation: tying off the ext. pudendal a. (main supply of blood to mammary) resulting in the gland atrophies and sloughs off
  • edema: udder edema is caused by poor development of the secondary venous supply( subcutaneous abdominal vein)
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15
Q

Compare and contrast the two types of erectile tissue of penis. Whic muscle squeezes each?

A
  • corpus cavernosum: paired crura that unites to form the body of the penis, ischiocavernosus compresses the corpus cavernosum
  • corpus spongiosum: sits in a ventral groove of the corpus cavernosum, bulbospongiosus, compresses the corpus songiosum
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16
Q

Compare and contrast the penile anat. of the dog, horse, and bull.

A
  • dog: musculocavernosus; retractor penis not essential for normal penile function
  • horse: musculocavernosus; retractor penis not essential; urethral sinus
  • bull: fibrous (rigid rather than elastic); sigmoid flexure; retractor penis essential
17
Q

Regarding penile anatomy: What do the boar and llama resemble? How is the cat different from all? What does a tom cat use to stay inserted?

A
  • boar and llama resemble corkscrews
  • cat penis points to the rear
  • cat penis has spines at apex which serve to help fixate it w/in female
18
Q

What is smegma and the bean? Where is the bean found?

A
  • smegma: waxy fetid secretion associated w/ male external genitalia
  • bean: is a hard concretion formed in the horse urethral sinus
19
Q

What is the proper anatomical name of the stink bag of the boar and what is the significance of it?

A
  • preputial diverticulum

- if damamged during slaughter, can contaminate whole carcass

20
Q

What causes descent of the male testis? What is the result of failure to descend?

A
  • shortening of the gubernaculums

- failure of descent is known as cryptorchidism

21
Q

What is the consequence of transaction of the retractor penis m. in horse vs. bull or steer?

A

-in the horse, the retractor penis m. is not essential for erection, as it is for the bull, which
and retract the penis

22
Q

What male accessory sex gland is near the ischiatic arch? What is the probable function?

A
  • bulbourethral gland

- secretes a watery substance that probably cleanses the urethra before the sperm passes

23
Q

Which muscle is most reponsible for erection?

A

Ischiocavernosus

24
Q

Compare the pressures inside the erectile tissue of stallion and bull during erection, why is one much higher?

A

Corpus cavernosum: horse at very high-pressure musculocavernous type, hydraulic pressure causes erection, bull erection is cased by straightening of sigmoid flexure, fibrous type, no hydraulic pressure, mechanical elongation

25
Q

What is belling?

A

Horse corona/glans expands radially and looks like a bell

26
Q

Differentiate: testis, testes and testicle; crus and crura; vas deferens and ductus deferens.

A
  • testis: singular testicle
  • testes: plural
  • testicles: testis and epididymis
  • crus: singular
  • crura: plural
  • vas deferens: clinical term
  • ductus deferens: anatomical term
27
Q

What is the cod and pizzle?

A
  • cod: fat-filled scrotal sac

- pizzle: lay term for penis

28
Q

What is the origin of the cremaster muscle? What is the relationship to the spermatic cord?

A

derived from the internal abdominal oblique and is outside the spermatic cord

29
Q

What is the usual anatomical site of the calculi in steers and why?

A

distal loop, because this loop tends to kink, proximal loop is a smooth curve

30
Q

The term seminal vesicle is an old and somewhat misleading term referring to a vesicle for semen storage. Why is this not a good place for stoarage?

A

(early investigatorsfound spermatozoa there when the fluid within was examined under a microscope)
-this site is deep within the pelvis, where the internal temp would not be optimal for survival

31
Q

What is the urethral process and in which domestic animal is it elongated?

A

the urethral process is a projection from the end of the penis; it is elongated in the ram and buck

32
Q

Compare and contrast male and female urinary tract anatomy with regard to disease vulnerability.

A

The urethra is longer and more slender in the male and less likely to be infected by ascending bacteria, but because it is so long it is prone to plugging by calculi; females have shorter but wider urethra, less prone to blockage but more prone to UTI

33
Q

Why does testicular descent occur?

A

Testicular descent occurs when the gubernaculum extrudes fluid, and shrinks, pulling the ductus deferens or looping the ductus deferens around the distal end of the ureter

34
Q

How does testicular descent effect the topographic relationship of the ductus deferens to the ureter and what is the surgical significance

A

Pulling the ductus deferens to taught especially when the bladder is full, can cause damage to the insertion of the ureter into the neck of the bladder, thus surgically significant

35
Q

Why is the tunica albuginea so thick in the bull?

A

The tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum is thicker and less elastic, thus helps to withstand the high pressures w/in the enclosed erectile tissue, rupture results in blow out

Anatomy (13 decks)

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