Chapter 3 Flashcards
Which functional groups are not present in either proteins or carbohydrates?
- phosphate
* carbonyl
Distinguish (tell the difference) between a polymer and a monomer.
Monomer: one sugar. Connects like train cars
Polymer: many sugar. Connects like chains
Making (and Breaking) Macromolecules: Contrast (tell the difference between) hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
- Dehydration: taking away water
* Hydration: adding water
What is an enzyme?
Enzyme are key for many chemical reactions
What is keratin?
Forms hair, nails, feathers and horns
What is collagen
Found in bones, tendons and cartilage
What is contractile protein?
Present in the muscles
What is transport protein?
Red blood cells that transport oxygen
What is Defensive protein?
White blood cells that will attack invaders
Some R-groups are polar, while others are nonpolar. How does the polarity of the amino acid chain affect the chains shape when in water?
If it is non-polar it will shy away from water.
Polar will interact with water
What are polypeptides?
Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
What is a primary Structure?
Amino acids forming a beaded strand
Secondary structure?
Hydrogen forming a polypeptide chain making a back bone
Tertiary structure?
Folded and twisted in the case of a globular molecule
Quaternary structure?
More that one polypeptide chain. The spatial arrangement
Protein Folding and Denaturing: Explain the forces that cause a protein to denature.
When the temperature increases or the pH decreases
Why do you think most heat-denatured proteins don’t spontaneously refold when they cool back to room temperature? (Hint: Think of a raw and cooked egg white)
Because the protein is denatured and is biologically inactive
Describe how the structure of an enzyme enables it to catalyze a chemical reaction.
Enzymes make it easier for two atoms to create a covalent bond
Nucleotides: name the 3 parts of a nucleotide.
- phosphate group
- sugar
- nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA: State the two major chemical differences between DNA and RNA.
- RNA contains sugar ribose
* DNA contains thymine nucleotide
The Double Helix: Identify what tow base pairings are possible in DNA, and explain why the other four potential base pairings do not occur.
• Adenine - thymine (A - T)
• Guanine - cytosine (G - C)
A-C and G-T cant pair because they can’t form proper hydrogen bonds
What is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates make up the structural frame work and help store energy
What is the difference between monosaccharides and polysaccharides?
- monosaccharides simple sugars carries energy to the cells
* polysaccharides many sugars long polymer chains used to store energy
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats, and explain why one is solid and the other a liquid at room temperature.
Saturated fats contain maximum hydrogen atoms and are solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats contain less then maximum hydrogen atoms and are liquid at room temperature
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What is the carbohydrates that plants use to store energy called?
Starch
