Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the subchannels of communication?
- Verbal Subchannel: Actual spoken words
- Speech Style Subchannel: pausing patterns, irregularities
- Speech Tone Subchannel: loudness, pitch, acoustic properties
What are enduring traits in communication?
Enduring traits include gender, age, and native language.
What are transient states in communication?
Transient states include emotions, attitudes, and cognitive efforts.
What is prosody?
The style and tone of speech or ‘music of speech’ (subcategory of paralanguage).
What is paralanguage?
Any voice-based information beyond words (disfluencies, pauses, laughs, yawns, grunts).
How does nonverbal communication add to communication?
Nonverbal communication adds nuance, shading, and depth to all communication.
What are the mechanics of vocal production?
Speech begins with thoughts in the brain; Broca’s area signals motor functions (jaw, tongue, lips, vocal cords, diaphragm).
What is the role of emotional influence in speech?
The limbic system triggers autonomic and sonomic responses, affecting blood flow, muscle tension, respiration, and mucus secretion.
What are the impacts on speech characteristics?
Changes in tone, loudness, energy, and smoothness occur due to cognitive and emotional systems influencing speech simultaneously.
What are the differences between face and voice in communication?
Face has a direct limbic system connection to muscles; voice has an indirect limbic system connection through surrounding muscles.
What is the accuracy of identity recognition for familiar voices?
98% accuracy for familiar voices.
How is age recognized in speech?
Age is recognized via pitch, speech rate, and disturbances.
How is gender recognized in speech?
96% accuracy based on speech and resonance.
What are tonal measures in speech?
- Pitch: vocal frequency, influenced by air pressure and vocal fold length.
- Jitter: variability in pitch over a statement.
- Loudness (Amplitude): intensity or energy of the voice.
- Timbre: voice quality beyond pitch and loudness (difficult to measure precisely).
- Resonance: pronunciation sounds shaped by tongue, lips, larynx.
What are style measures in speech?
- Speech rate: words per minute/second; high rate → anger or fear, low rate → sadness or disgust.
- Response length: time spent talking; shorter statements linked to lying.
- Speech latency: delay in responding; longer latency → higher cognitive load.
- Pauses: filled (‘um’, ‘uh’) and unfilled (silence before speaking).
- Speech errors: repetitions, stuttering, slips of the tongue; higher error rate → increased cognitive load.
What physiological factors affect vocal tone during emotion?
Blood flow and muscle tension alter vocal pitch and energy; mucus secretion and respiration changes impact voice clarity.
What is motherese (infant-directed speech)?
Purpose: Engages and grabs the attention of prelinguistic children.
How does stress affect speech patterns?
Increased pauses, hesitations, and speech disturbances.
