Chapter 3 Flashcards
members of a diagnostic category may differ in degree to which they represent the concepts underlying the category
the prototype model
“the process by which any human condition
considered problematic comes to be viewed through a medical lens and become the object of medical study, treatment, diagnosis, or prevention (Conrad, 1975; Illich, 1975)”
Medicalisation
the usefulness of the resulting classification scheme
utility
what is inter-rater reliability
conclusions/findings are consistent among researchers
the impairment resulting from a disorder must be involuntary or not readily controlled
dyscontrol
what were the 5 axis of the multi-axial system in the DSM III
- mental health and substance use disorders
- personality disorders and mental retardation (now intellectual development disorder)
- general medical conditions
- psychosocial and environmental problems
- global assessment of functioning
what is comorbidity
when someone meets the criteria for two or more disorders at a specific point in time
what are the potential drawbacks of diagnosis
stigmatisation, and potential for inaccurate diagnosis leading to harmful or inappropriate treatment for their condition
what is the research domain criteria (RDoC)
designed to integrate data from biochemical, cognitive, and self-report levels to advance research on mental disorders
what is the trend of depressive symptoms by age that Sutin et al. found
Theyre highest in young adulthood, decrease in middle adulthood, and then rise again in older adults
the result of applying the decision-making rules of a diagnostic system to the symptoms of a specific individual
Diagnosis
A perspective, or viewpoint, on psychopathology that emphasizes risk factors, protective factors, and other elements that contribute to and/or prevent the development of mental disorders across the lifespan
developmental psychopathology
a classification used to organise and understand diseases and disorders
diagnostic system
what is the ASEBA (Achenback System of Empirically Based Assessment)
a family of assessment tools that are used to measure competence and problems (internalising and externalising) across the lifespan
the extent to which the principals used in classifying an entity are effective in capturing the nature of the entity
classification validity
a framework for understanding problem behaviour in relation to the milestones that are specific to each stage of development
developmental psychopathology
classification may be based on a dimensional approach which means that:
it focuses on quantitative differences under the assumption that all entities can have varying degrees of membership to a category (like weight or height)
mental disorders are usually associated with:
significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities
what is the difference between the DSM and the ICD
the DSM is mental stuff, the ICD is every disease/disorder
who was the child psychopathology research who gathered info about childrens difficulties and then used factor analysis to see what symptoms tend to co-occur
Thomas Achenbach
what is on large issue with any diagnostic system
the issue of inter-rater reliability (or lack thereof)
which DSM edition had the least impact on treatment of disorders
the first one because there was mostly just psychoanalysis at the time
classification may be based on a categorical approach which means that:
an entity is either a member of a category or not. lightswitch. on or off, no inbetween
behaviours like yelling, stealing, aggression
externalising problems
when did mental health professionals start evaluating and treating childhood depression
not until the 1980s because based on the tenets of the dominant models, childhood depression couldn’t occur. which. wrong
define a disorder
clinically significant disturbances in someone’s cognition, their emotional regulation, and/or their behaviour as a result of a dysfunction in psychological biological or developmental processes
what is an issue with a strictly Kraepelinian approach
it is possible for two people with the same disorder and diagnosis to have different symptoms and thus need different treatment. having a disorder isn’t an all or nothing for the criteria list
who was the task force chair for the third edition of the DSM
Robert Spitzer
when did Sutin et al. find depressive symptoms to be highest
during young adulthood
which DSM edition added the multi-axial system
the DSM III
what are internalising problems of behaviour
things like withdrawn behaviour, worry, or sadness
what were the four main critiques of the DSM III
- poor reliability and validity of diagnoses, little empirical research on them
- was more categorical than dimensional
- high comorbidity
- atheoretical (no coherent or sound scientific basis for the classifications)
Achenbach’s work yielded two broad dimensions of problems. these were:
externalising problems and internalising problems
what were the five primary concerns about the DSM5
- lack of openness/transparency (confidentiality agreement)
- overrepresentation of medical/biological views on disorders and treatment
- “diagnostic inflation”
- a significant portion of task force members had ties to pharmaceutical companies (and they had to sign NDAs to try and hide this ???? sus)
- poor reliability between diagnosis (poor inter-rater reliability)
after the director of the NIMH said there was a lack of validity in the DSM system, what framework has been developed
the research domain criteria
what are the key aspects of a classification system
validity and utility
define harmful dysfunction
behaviours associated with a mental disorder are dysfunctional and the disfunction causes harm to the individual and/or those around them (thanks textbook definition i never would have guessed that one!)
what was the primary focus of adjustment made when the DSM III came out
better inter-rater reliability
what are the characteristics of a Kraepelinian approach to classification
- viewing each diagnosis as a medical illness using specific criteria to define a category
- emphasising diagnostic reliability
the DSM5 is ____ in diagnosis, and ____ in organisation
- categorical
- dimensional
