Chapter 3 Flashcards
What do we mean by ‘compartments’ of the body?
It means different sections of the body that are divided by compartments to carry out a specific function. Which can range from the cellular or organelle level to tissues, organs, and even organ systems.
What does lumen mean?
It is the term used to describe the space within hallow organs including the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and intestines
What are the 3 major cavities of the body?
The cranial cavity which contains the skull
The thoracic cavity which is the area around the heart and lungs and ends at the diaphragm
The abdominopelvic cavity which includes organs in the abdomen along with the reproductive organs
What does ICF mean?
It stands for Intercellular fluid or in other words fluid within cells
What does ECF mean?
It stands for extracellular fluid that is outside of cells and surrounds other structures in the body
What are some similarities between the ICF and ECF?
They are both fluids that surround organs, muscles, tissues, and organelles in the body.
What are some of the differences between ICF and ECF?
ICF is only the fluid inside of the cells which makes up the cytoplasm of the cell and it is harder to access. In comparison, the ECF consists of the plasma and interstitial fluid which is the fluid that surrounds cells.
What is the term for the spread of cancerous cells throughout the body?
Metastasis
What is the definition of histology?
The study of tissue structure and function
What are the 4 criteria for categorizing tissues?
1) the shape and size of cells
2) the organization of cells within the tissue
3) how the cells are connected to each other
4) the amount of extracellular fluid that is present within the tissue itself
What are the 4 types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural/Nerve
What is the extracellular matrix?
It the the material that is created and released by the cells of a tissue
What are proteoglycans?
It is type of glycoprotein which is made up of proteins bound to polysaccharide chains
What is the extracellular matrix made up of?
It is made up of proteoglycans, water, and fiberous proteins,
What do insoluble protein fibers do to the matrix solution?
They provide strength to anchor the cells to the matrix.
What do attachments to the extracellular matrix and proteins provide?
They provide ways for proteins within the cell to communicate with the external environment
How does the amount of extracellular matrix vary based on the type of tissue that is producing it?
Nerve and muscle tissues produce a small amount meanwhile cartilage, bone, and blood produce and excessive amount of matrix which takes up a larger amount of room in their cells
Describe gap junctions
Gap Junctions are the simplest in nature and allow for direct communication between cells via a bridge that links the two together and allows for electrical signals and small molecules to pass through
Where can gap junctions be found?
They can be found in muscle, nerve, liver, pancreas, ovary, and thyroid gland cells.
Describe tight junctions
They are junctions between cells where the membranes are partially fused together to ensure that particles cannot move through and depending on the location they act as a barrier between various substances that should not mix
Where can tight junctions be found?
Tight junctions can be found in the intestinal tract to help specific nutrients be absorbed
What are the two things that anchoring/desmosome junctions connect?
They are junctions that have two different types, the first is one that can connect cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix.
What do anchoring junctions use to connect cells?
They use cadherins which is a protein that can span the membranes of two cells to hold them together
What do anchoring junctions use to connect cells to the matrix?
They use intergrins a membrane spanning proteins to hold cells to the matrix
Where can anchoring junctions be found?
They can be found in skin tissue but they are so strong that instead of ripping due to wear and tear they form blister on the skin instead
What are the 5 different types of epithelial tissues?
Exchange epithelia
Transporting epithelia
Ciliated epithelia
Protective epithelia
Secretory epithelia
What are the characteristics of exchange epithelia?
It is made up of thin and flattened cells which allows for gasses such a CO2 and O2 to easily pass across it
Where is exchange epithelia found?
It is found in the in the lungs, blood vessels and capillaries which is where gas exchanges occur
How is exchange epithelia identified by histologists?
It is identified as simple squamous epithelium since it is a single thin layer of cells.
What does exchange epithelia do?
They actively regulate the exchange of small nongaseous materials such as ions and nutrients between external and internal environments.
Where is exchange epithelia found?
It is found in the lungs and the blood vessels
How is transporting epithelium identified by histologists?
It is identified as simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelia because it is made up of one tall but thick layer of cells
What does ciliated epithelia do?
The surface of the tissue is lined with cilia that move in a coordinated fashion that allows for particles to be moved along its surface?
Where can ciliated epithelia be found?
It can be found in the respiratory tract and moves out mucus that has trapped bacteria
What are the characteristics of protective epithelia?
That it is composed of layers of cells stacked on top of each other
Where is protective epithelia found?
It is found on the epidermis of the skin along with the pharynx, and esophagus
What can cause protective epithelia to die?
Because they are the protective layer they are exposed to chemicals, bacteria, and lots of contact and tensions such as washing your face which will wash of dead skin cells.
What are the two different formations/organizations of secretory epithelia?
They can be scattered among other epithelial cells or they can grouped together to form a gland which has two types
What is distinct about exocrine glands?
They release their secretions to the body’s external environment using duct on the skin’s surface or internal passageways such as the airways of lungs or in the intestine
What are the two types of secretory glands?
Exocrine and endocrine
Where can isolated endocrine cells be found?
They can be found in the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, the tubules of the kidney, and the walls of the heart.
What is distinct about endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands are ductless and release their hormones into the body’s bloodstream which can be found in the pancreas, gonads, thyroid and pituitary gland
What is the structure of secretory epithelia?
Most of the time it is simple columnar
Where is connective tissue found?
It is the tissue that is found between the cells
What does connective tissue do?
supports and keeps structures together
stores energy as fat
provides physical and immune protection
and transports blood
What is in connective tissues?
Fibroblasts which build fibers such as collagen and elastin that can vary in types for the use of the tissues
Ground substance/ matrix that consists of proteoglycans suspended in a watery like substance that can also vary in textures and uses
What are the two types of loose connective tissues?
Areolar and adipose
What does areolar tissues do?
They provide space for the blood vessels, nerves, and immune cells
What are some the structural characteristics of areolar tissue?
An abundance of both fibroblasts and proteoglycans
It also contains collagen and elastin
What does adipose tissue do?
it stores energy and provides cushioning for the body
what are some of the structural characteristics of adipose tissue?
mainly just adipocytes (adipose cells)
What are the two types of dense connective tissues?
Dense regular and dense irregular
What does dense regular connective tissue do?
It resists stress in one direction
What are the structural characteristics of regular dense connective tissue?
Extensive collagen ( that is parallel in 1 direction)
may contain elastin
What does dense irregular connective tissues do?
Resists unpredictable stress
What are the structural characteristics of dense irregular tissues?
Fibroblasts and an extensive amount of collagen
What are the two types of structural connective tissues?
Bone and cartilage
What does cartilage do?
It provides flexible support and helps line up joints
What are the 3 different types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic and fibro
What are the structural characteristics of cartilage?
That it is maintained by chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
Collagen and possibly elastin is in there
it has no blood vessels
What does bone do?
Provide durable support and mineral storage
What are the structural characteristics of bone?
Built by osteoblasts (bone builders)
Has a calcified matrix
Contains dynamic tissue
What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and lymph
What do both blood and lymph do?
They both provide transport
What are the structural characteristics of blood?
Erythrocytes (cells that carry oxygen to tissues) and platelets
Plasma
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
What are the structural characteristics of blood?
Lukeocytes (white blood cells)
Fibers
Eukaryotes
Plasma
What does muscle tissue do?
It creates and sends out electrical signals
Produces force and movement
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, Cardiac, and smooth
What does neural tissue do?
It creates and sends our electrical signals
What does neural tissue consist of?
Neurons and neuroglia/glia cells
What are the two ways that cells can die?
They can die either though necrosis or apoptosis
Why do cells die in necrosis?
They die from trauma, toxins and a lack of oxygen. Before they die they tend to swell and rupture which can cause other cells near them to die as well
Why do cells die in apoptosis?
Apoptosis is also referred to as a cell suicide because it occurs the chemicals for self destruction win out against the ones that don’t. Once that happens the cell gets removed from the others and its chromatin shrivels up so it can break down. Which is when other cells will consume its pieces.
What are the stem cells?
They are cells that can generate new cells but that ability becomes more restricted with age.
What are the 3 different types of stem cells?
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
When is a totipotent cell present in life and what does it do?
It is present in the very beginning of life and it has the ability to differentiate into all cell type needed to produce and organism
When is pluripotent cell present in life and what does it do?
This type is present 4 days after fertilization and it can differentiate into many different cell types but not enough to produce its own organism
When is a multipotent cell present and what does it do?
A multipotent cell is present mostly in small amount of bone marrow in the adult body and it can differentiate into more of a limited amount of cells.
What are the roles of integument (skin)?
To protect ,
excrete,
maintain body temperature,
synthesize vitamin D3
store lipids,
and feel the world around us
What do basal stem cells produce?
Keratinocytes
What do keratinocytes produce?
Keratin which helps strengthen the protective epithelia in the epidermis
What do melanocytes produce?
Melanin which is the pigment that determines skin color and acts as protection from the suns UV rays
What is the role of melanocytes?
To produce melanin and pack it into melanosomes (intercellular vesicles) that travel into keratinocytes
What are the 3 types of sweat glands on the skin?
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Sebaceous sweat glands
What do the eccrine sweat glands produce?
perspiration/sweat
What are characteristics of apocrine sweat glands?
They are controlled by the endocrine and nervous systems
Open into coarse hair follicles
Produce smelly sweat
What does sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum
What does sebum do?
Inhibit bacteria growth
Lubricate hair shaft
Condition skin
What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer of skin?
To store energy and provide thermal insulation
What are some organs that have lumens?
The heart, lungs, stomach, arteries, uterus, small intestine and esophagus
What is the definition of an organ?
A structure with a discrete boundary that performs a specific function
What are the different forms of the extracellular matrix?
It can be fluid, mineralized like in bones, or negligable ( meaning it might not be very present in some tissues like fat)
What is basal lamina/ basement membrane?
It is a layer of connective tissue that acts as a base layer for epithelial tissues
What type of epithelium is exchange epithelium made of?
It is made up of simple squamous or thin flat cells to allow for the exchange of gasses
What type of epithelium is transporting epithelium made up of?
It is made up of simple cuboidal, or columnar, so their height can make it hard for molecules to pass through
Where is transporting epithelium found?
In the intestine or the kidneys
What type of epithelium is ciliated epithelia made up of?
It is made up of either simple or pseudostratified columnar
What type of epithelial is protective epithelia made up of?
It is made up of stratified squamous cells
What does it mean if protective epithelia is keratinized?
it means that the keratin has hardened it and that it is on the surface of the skin to act as a protective layer
Where can non keratinized epithelia be found?
It can be found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina
What type of epithelia is secretory epithelia made out of?
Simple cuboidal
Where is secretory epithelia usually found?
In the skin, in glands, in the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, and reproductive tracts
Where is simple squamous found?
in aveoli in the lungs and blood vessels
Where is simple columnar found?
in the kidneys and intestines for absorbtion
Where is simple cuboidal found?
it is found in the kidneys for secretion
Where is simple squamous keratinized epithelia found?
in skin, hair, and nails
Where is simple squamous nonkeratinized epithelia found?
in the mouth, and the first part of the esophagus
What systems is pseudostratified columnar found in?
Respiratory and reproductive
Would digestive glands be considered endocrine or exocrine glands?
They would be considered exocrine glands because they release digestive enzymes into the GI tract
What happens in the stratum basale?
Cells are dividing to make more cells which pushes everything up to the layer above
What happens in the stratum spinosum?
The keratinocytes create spiny projections to keep the cells connected
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
visible granules of keratin build up in the cells
What happens in the stratum lucidum?
It is only apparent in thicker skin such as the heel of the foot or on a callous
What happens in the stratum coneum?
It is made up of dead keratin filled cells that are held together until they fall of to reveal another layer
What is the relationship between melanocytes and keratinocytes?
Melanocytes deposit melanin into the keratinocytes to the skin has color
What is unique about connective tissue?
That it has an extracellular matrix and it includes one of the only type of tissues that can be fluid
Which of the following tissues contain a lumen?
A) Brain
B) Femur bone
C) Stomach
D) Detrusor Muscle
C
Which one below would best describe the function of simple squamous epithelium?
- diffusion
- transport
- protection
-secretion
diffusion
Which one below would best describe the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
- diffusion
- transport
- protection
- secretion
secretion
Which one below would best describe the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
-diffusion
- transport
- secretion
- protection
protection
Which one below would best describe the function of simple columnar epithelium?
- diffusion
- transport
- secretion
- protection
transport
