Chapter 26 Flashcards
What is the major function of the female gonads?
To produce and release fully developed folliciles in the case that one of them may get fertilized and grow into a fetus
What is the major function of the male gonads?
To produce, mature, and release sperm in the case it may fertilize an egg
What is gametogenesis?
It is the production of the gametes
What is the role of the gonads?
To produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
What is the field of study for the female reproductive system?
Gynocology
What is the field of study for the male reproductive system?
Urology
Are the stem cells in the gonads diploid or haploid?
Diploid
How many chromosomes are in diploid cells? How many pairs?
46 which are put into 23 pairs
How many sex chromosomes does each haploid gamete contain?
Just one which is either an (x or a y)
Diploid refers to cells that are ______ of chromosomes
pairs
Are gametes diploid or haploid cells?
they are haploid because they each have half of the dna which can be shared to make in individual
Which numbered pair of chromosomes is our sex chromosomes?
23
What are the sex chromosomes for biological females?
X, X
What are the sex chromosomes for biological males?
X, Y
Females will always pass down which sex chromosome to their offspring?
X
Which sex chromosomes can males pass down to their offspring?
X or Y
One of which chromosome is needed for survival?
X chromosome
If an offspring has a Y chromosome they will biologically be….? And did they get it from the biological male or female?
Male and got it from their male parent
Which sex chromosome is bigger and why?
The x is bigger because it has a tons of genes that code for the overall functioning of the offspring
What does the bipotential stage refer to in fetal reproductive development?
It means that the fetus still has the structures of both and that it hasn’t grown enough to differentiate yet
What are the two ducts/pathways that are present during the bipotential phase?
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts.
Which duct pathway leads to the autonomically female and male pathways?
The Mullerian develops into female anatomy and Wolffian develops into male anatomy.
What happens to the other set of ducts if the chromosomes do not code for it?
It will degenerate
What is the size of the y chromosome compared to the other chromosomes? and what does it code for?
It is small and it only really codes for the development of the testis
What does SRY stand for?
Sex- determining region of the y chromosome.
What biological sex does the presence of a functional SRY gene indicate the development for?
the male anatomy where the testis will begin to produce testosterone
What causes the development of male anatomy?
the presence of testosterone over a period of weeks of development starting from 6w
What causes the female anatomy to develop?
the absence of testosterone
What happens to the development of someone’s reproductive system if they are chomosomaly male but their receptors can’t bind to testosterone?
Then the person is chromosomally male with female anatomy
The development of which anatomy is seen as the default?
Female
What is needed to have functional ovaries?
many genes not just the absence of y chromosomes or testosterone
Why doesn’t estrogen spur the development of the female pathway?
It’s because the baby is exposed to a lot of estrogen during pregnancy from the person who is carrying the fetus
Are the embryonic tissues the same or different for the development of each sex?
They are the same so it means reproductive tissues are derived from the same tissues
What is homologous structures in males and females?
Where while they are developed differently, they were derived from the same embryonic structures
At how many weeks in fetal development can the differentiation in the development pathways begin to be seen?
10 weeks of development
Are testosterone and estrogen antagonists? Why or why not?
They are not because when looking at the functions they are actually very similar since they both promote the development of the reproductive structures.
Is testosterone an Androgen?
yes but there are other hormones that are androgens too
All the cells in our body are diploid except for ______
gametes
What happens in mitosis?
starts with a diploid cell and goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase once to result in 2 genetically identical cells
What happens in meiosis?
starts with a diploid cell and goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase twice and involves the crossing over of genetic materials between the homologous pairs or chromosomes that code for the same thing to create unique chromosomes. This results in 4 non-identical cells (gametes) that are haploid cells
What does mitosis do?
- facilitates growth/ repair of tissues
What does meiosis do?
It creates unique cells that can potentially form distinct individuals
Which cell division process only take place in the gonads?
Meiosis
In which sex is meiosis in the gonads more frequent? And why?
Males because they produce more sperm in their lives than females produce eggs
When does meiosis start to take place in males? How long does it continue to happen for?
It starts at puberty and continues for the rest of their lives although it will slow down while they get older it never completely stops until they die
When does meiosis first begin to occur in females?
It begins in utero because by the time the baby is born they are born with all the eggs they have
When does the process of meiosis of the female gonads finish?
It finishes when an ovulated ovum gets fertilized
Where/when do sperm cells complete their meiosis?
In the testis before they are released
Which gamete is bigger in size an ova or sperm? And why?
An egg because it contains everything that is needed to support early embryonic development
Can sperm move by itself? what allows for it to do so?
Yes with it’s flagellum or tail
Can eggs move by themselves?
No it gets moved by cilia in the uterine tubes to the uterus
What do spermatids refer to?
Sperm that has not completed their development
After birth in females when does meiosis resume for the eggs?
At the start of puberty some of the primary oocytes will undergo further meiosis
In female gamete development what stage is an oocyte at when it gets ovulated?
It is a secondary oocyte
How long does an oocyte live after ovulation?
For 24 hours
How long can sperm live for after release?
for a few days
What are some factors that cause the release of a neuropeptide called kisspeptin?
Melatonin or day/night cycles (sense of age)
Nutritional status or body fat
Stress
Environmental estrogens (endocrine disrupters in food/plastics)
Where does kisspeptin come from? And does it effect?
It comes from the brain and goes to the hypothalamus
How does an individuals weight impact the timing of the onset of puberty?
If someone is overweight they are more likely to start sooner
If someone is underweight they are more likely to start later
How do environmental estrogens affect the onset of puberty?
It also causes the onset of puberty to be sooner
What does kisspeptin cause the release of from the hypothalamus?
It causes the release of GnRH or gonadotrophic releasing hormone
What does GnRH stimulate the release of from the anterior pituitary?
LH and FSH
What is the effect of LH on the gonads?
To stimulate the endocrine cells to produce hormones
What is the effect of FSH on the gonads?
It stimulates the production of the gametes
In which sex doe LH also stimulate the production of the gametes?
Females
Which part of the brain directs gamete production?
The hypothalamus
Which gametes mostly produce androgens? Which gametes mostly produce estrogens?
Testis
Ovaries
Where else in the body is sex hormones produced besides the gametes?
The adrenal cortex
What kinds of hormones are inhibin and activin?
peptide hormones
What is inhibin’s effect on FSH? What about activin’s?
Inhibin inhibits FSH
Activin promotes FSH
What is the effect of androgens on GnRH?
It inhibits it
What is the effect of moderate estrogen on GnRH?
It inhibits it
What is the effect of high or rising estrogen on FSH and LH? And what does this cause?
Both the levels increase and it causes ovulation
What are the 2 external genitalia structures in males? And what is contained within them?
The Penis which contains erectile tissue and the urethra
The Scrotum contains the testis, and ducts
In the penis, the corpus spongiosum surrounds the _________
urethra
In the penis, the corpora cavernosa is located on either side of the ________
urethra
What causes vascular congestion of the penis?
When in the erectile tissue the arterial flow into the tissue exceeds the venous outflow during erection
In the penis, the urethra carries both _________ and ___________ outside of the body
Urine and semen
What are the names of the tubes that make up the duct system of the penis?
the epididymis and the ductus deferens
What is done to reduce the temperature of the testis? (which is needed for sperm survival)
- low blood flow
- outside of the body cavity
Which kind of the 3 kinds of muscle tissue is used to move the testis away from the body?
smooth muscle
What is the pathway of sperm from the testis to the external urethral office?
It goes from the
-testis to the
-epididymis out to the
-ductus deferens, past the
-seminal vesicle, then the
- prostate gland where it unites with the bladder and can be passed through the
- urethra
What is the order of the male accessory glands? going out from the testis
Seminal
Prostate
bulbourethral
What happens in a vascetomy?
It is where the vans deferens are cut and tied off
A vasectomy is almost always 100% effective unless the surgeon doesn’t ___ _____ ___ correctly
tie it off
After vasectomy does sperm production continue? And what happens to any sperm in there?
Production does continue but it just degenerates
What are the cells that are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm?
Spermatogonia (stem cells)
Sustentacular cells
Leidig cells
What is the role of the spermatogonia? Are they diploid or haploid?
They are the sperm stem cells that are diploid and as they go though meiosis they will develop into haploid
How do the sustenacular support the development of the cells?
-they form a blood testis barrier to protect the developing sperm from any harmful substances
- they also provide nourishment for the developing sperm
What is the role of the Leidig cells? Where are they located?
They are outside of the seminiferous tubules and they release testosterone
How much sperm is generated in a day? How long does this take?
200 million
~ two months
Which hormone regulates the sperm count/ production in the testis around homeostasis?
FSH
If there is too much sperm in the testis which hormone is relased to inhibit FSH?
Inhibin
LH stimulates __________ ________ to produce testosterone
Interstital/ Ledig cells
How is testosterone levels regulated?
Through negative feedback
Where is the acrosome located on a sperm? And what is it’s role?
It is located at the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that help them break into an egg
Do sperm continue development after completing meiosis? If so, what do they still need to develop to become functional?
Yes, they need to develop an acrosome and a flagellum (tail)
What is the role of a flagellum of a sperm?
To help it move/swim around
Malfunctions at this structure of the sperm is the the most common issue with male infertility?
issues with the enzymes of the acrosomes
What is the role of the bulbourethral glands? What do they secrete and when to they secrete?
It is to clear out the urethra of urine before ejaculation occurs
They release mucus and bicarbonate to neutralize any of the potential acid leftover from the urine
What does the seminal vesicles release?
It releases
fructose - to provide energy for sperm
clotting proteins- to form seminal clots
buffers- buffer against acid
prostaglandins- that help the sperm swim
What does the prostate gland secrete?
Citric acid- nutrients for sperm
Proteolytic enzymes- help the sperm penetrate an egg
In biological males what promotes the development of secondary sex charateristics?
Androgens (which includes testosterone)
What are the sex characteristics of biological males?
-Coarse hair growth (facial hair)
- muscular and bone growth
- Laryngeal cartilage growth (deepening of voice)
- sex drive
What structure monitors entry to the uterus?
The cervix
What is the role of the mucus at the cervix and how does it change based on the menstrual cycle?
It is to allow or let things into the uterus it is more likely to help sperm around the time of ovulation but the rest of the time its not going to help it
What about the surface of uterine tubes helps move the oocyte to the uterus?
it has the long smooth muscle that contract to move it along and cilia that beats to move it along as well
Is the ovary connected to the uterine tube? How does the oocyte travel from the ovary to the uterine tube?
It does not connect so when an oocyte is released the fimbriae which are at the enterance to the uterine tube have to pick it up
Where does fertilization of an ovum happen in the female reproductive system?
It happens in the uterine tubes
