Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of anatomy?
It means to cut open/ it is the study of form
What are the 2 large subcategories of anatomy?
Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy
What does regional anatomy refer to?
It refers to the anatomy of a specific region of the body
What does systematic anatomy mean?
It refers to the anatomy of organ systems
What does developmental anatomy refer to?
The changing anatomy across development such as embryology.
What does clinical anatomy cover?
It covers pathological, surgical, and radiographic types of anatomy
What is cytology?
The anatomy of cells
What is Cell theory?
That all structure and function results from the activity of cells
What is histology?
It is the examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells.
What is physiology?
It is the study of normal function of an organism and all that goes into it for it to happen
What is cell physiology?
It is the study of the function of cells
What is organ physiology?
The functions of organs
What is systemic physiology?
Functions of organ systems
What is pathological physiology?
The effects of disease on organs and organ systems
What is the order of living organisms from smallest to largest in the human body?
Atoms- cells- tissues- organs- organ systems
What is an example of an atom?
A hydrogen atom in H2O
What is an example of a cell?
a skin cell
What is an example of a tissue?
Muscle tissues are a group of cells that work to create movements
What is an example of an organ?
The heart is an example of an organ and is made up of multiple types of tissues
What is an organ system?
The circulatory system works to transport blood and its components in it throughout the body
What is the function of the circulatory system?
It distributes essentials for the body that is carried through blood and circulates by being pumped through blood vessels
What are some key components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
What is the function of the digestion system?
Breaks down food so it can be converted into energy producing particles for the body or into wastes to be secreted from it
What are the key components of the digestion system?
Stomach, liver, intestine, and pancreas
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Regulates various bodily functions by forming and releases molecules that regulate various actions of the body
What are the key components of the endocrine system?
Thyroid and adrenal glands
What is the function of the immune system?
It works to create a defense mechanism against foreign substances to regulate health
What are the key components of the immune system?
Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Is made up of our skin and is designed to protect the body underneath from the elements of the outside world.
What is the key component of the integumentary system?
skin
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
Provides support for the various structures of the body and allows for it to facilitate movement.
What are the key components of the musculoskeletal system?
Skeletal muscles and bone
What is the function of the nervous system?
Regulates bodily functions through the formation and release of molecules that regulate various actions in the body
What are some key components of the nervous system?
The brain and the spinal cord
What is the function of the reproductive system?
Consists of organs and functions that are created to facilitate for offspring to be produced from two individuals.
What are some of the key components of the reproductive systems?
testes, ovaries, and the uterus
What is the function of the respiratory systems?
It allows us to breathe by inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
What are the key components of the respiratory system?
Lungs and airways
What is the function of the urinary system?
To regulate and remove any excess water levels in the body
What are some key components of the urinary system?
Kidneys and bladder
How can homeostasis be defined?
Homeostasis is the regulation of an internal environment to maintain it within a range of stability.
What are some variables that are kept in balance by homeostasis?
Water
Blood
Blood Preassure
pH/pH of blood
Temperature
electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)
water balence
nutrients
hormones
What is the law of mass balance?
The law of mass balance is the idea that for the amount of a substance in the body to remain constant it must receive and excrete the same amount.
What are the two ways the body can maintain mass balance?
exceretion and metabolism
What does is mean for an excess substance to become metabolized?
It means that a substance goes through the metabolic process which is where it will get converted from one substance to another.
How does the metabolic process affect the mass balance?
It affects the mass balance of the substance that is metabolized by bringing it back to the normal range and it changes the mass balance of the other substance as well.
What does it mean for a substance to be cleared or clearance?
It is when a substance is cleared from the blood.
What is a control system?
A control system has various types in the body but all types work to the keep the body within normal or appropriate ranges.
What are the 3 components of all control systems?
1) a input signal
2) a controlling center that takes in the information and produces any necessary response
3) an output signal that causes a response.
What is the difference between long distance and local control systems?
Local control systems tend to be more complex but still have the same components
Where specifically would you find local control taking place?
Local control would take place in a specific tissue or cell using paracrine signaling and the change just affects the tissue.
What is a reflex system?
It is a system that is involved in any long distance pathways in a nervous and/ or an endocrine system
What can a physiological reflex be broken down into?
It is broken down into 2 parts;
1) response loop
2) feedback loop
What is a response loop?
A pathway that begins with a stimulus that ends with response
What are the 7 components of a feedback loop?
1) stimulus
2) sensor
3)input signal
4)control center
5) output signal
6)target
7)response.
What role does a stimulus play in a feedback loop?
It causes a change that occurs that causes a specific variable to move out of that ideal range
What role does a sensor play in a feedback loop?
Is what monitors the variable
What role does the input signal play in a feedback loop?
It is the messenger that gets sent from the sensor to the integrating center
What role does the integrating center play in the feedback loop?
Takes in the information from the sensor and begins to initiate an output signal
What does the output signal do in a feedback loop?
It goes from the integrating center to the target to produce a desired response
What role does the target play in the feedback loop?
It carries out the response from the output signal
What role does the response play in a feedback response loop?
Wat is done via the target to hopefully bring the variable back to an ideal range
What is negative feedback?
It is a feedback loop that works to stabilize the regulated variable to help keep it in homeostasis
What is an example of a negative feedback loop?
A heater in an aquarium that heats the water to maintain a set temperature.
What is positive feedback?
It is a feedback loop that amplifies the effect of the actual stimulus which brings it further from homeostasis.
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
The hormonal control of uterine contractions during childbirth because the effect is only increased until the child is born.
What does function mean ?
It is the reason why a certain response happens
What does mechanism mean?
It is how a certain response happens
What does disorder mean?
that something is functioning abnormally
How is disease defined?
as a homeostatic imbalance with distinct symptoms and signs
What is an example of symptoms?
Changes in the body that can be felt by the patient such as nausea
What is an example of signs for a disease?
Changes in the body that can be observed such as a rash or a fever
What is the definition of a diagnosis?
To distinguish on disease from another
What is the definition of epidemiology?
how a disease is transmitted
What is the definition of pharmacology?
How drugs are used to treat the disease
What are the major themes of A and P?
Cell theory
Homeostasis
Evolution
Hierarchy of structure
Unity of form and function
What does homeostasis mean?
maintaining stable conditions within the body
How does evolution relate to a theme of A &P?
Since the functions of the body have been shaped by evolution, many times it can explain the why for many A &P concepts
What does hierarchy of structure mean?
Refers to the level of complexity ex how a organ is more complex than a single cell or a atom
What does unity of form and function mean?
It means that physiology cannot be separated from anatomy
What would be the body’s receptor if the body’s CO2 levels were to get out of homeostasis?
The chemoreceptor in the blood vessels
What would be the body’s intergrating center if the body’s CO2 levels were to get out of homeostasis?
The brain
What would be the body’s target if the Co2 levels were to get out of homeostasis?
The lungs
What would be the body’s sensor if the body’s temperature were to go out of homeostasis?
In the thermoreceptors found in the body
What would be the body’s intergrating center if the body’s temperature were to go out of homeostasis?
the hypothalamus in the brain
What would be the target for the body’s temperature if it was too hot?
Apocrine glands and for the blood vessels to dialate
What would be the target if the body’s temperature got too cold?
Blood vessels can expand to allow for more blood flow to warm the body up.
What would be the sensor in the body if the blood pressure were to go out of homeostasis?
The baro receptors which are in the heart and blood vessels
What would be the body’s intergrating center if the body’s blood pressure were to go out of homeostasis?
The cardiac center in the brain stem
What would be the body’s target if the blood pressure was too high?
It goes to the heart to slow it down
What are all the organs in the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, senses, and nervous cells
What are all the organs in the immune system?
Lymph nodes, leukocytes, spleen
What is the organ that is in both the endocrine and reproductive system?
the gonads (glands that produce hormones which are found in the ovaries and testes)
What is the organ that is in both the endocrine and digestive system?
The organ that is in both would be the pancreas because it releases hormones/ enzymes that help with digestion
Where can immune cells be found?
They can be found in all types of connective tissue like areolar
Which of the following is NOT an example of positive feedback?
A) Generation of nerve signals
B) Childbirth
C) Blood Clotting
D) Protein Digestion
E) Water Balance
E
During aerobic exercise, muscle cells generate CO2. The CO2 needs to be removed via the blood. What is the sensor/input signal for the feedback loop?
A) muscle tissue
B) brain
C) high CO2 stimulates chemoreceptors
D) lungs
E) heart
C
When oxygen decreases in tissues the surrounding blood vessels dilate. This is an example of:
A) long- distance reflex
B) local control
C) positive feedback
D) disorder
E) integration
B
