Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
The two subdivisions include:
- the parasympathetic
- the sympathetic
Which branch of the (ANS) is associated with rest and digest activities?
The parasympathetic controls activities such as digestion
What branch of the (ANS) is associated with fight or flight behaviors?
The sympathetic
What are autonomic reflexes?
Reflexes that are controlled by the autonomic pathway of the PNS
What are some organ systems that are regulated by autonomic reflexes?
Nervous, digestive, respratory, cardiovascular endocrine, integumentary, and reproductive systems
What is an example of an autonomic reflex in the nervous system?
The limbic system in the brain producing an emotion that results in the autonomic reflex of “butterflies in the stomach” or fainting when seeing a needle
What does antagonistic control in the (ANS) mean?
It is when one of the autonomic branches produces an excitatory response and the other produces an inhibitory response
What is an example of antagonistic control?
For example the sympathetic branch increases the heart rate while the parasympathetic slows it down
What does it mean for an organ to be singly innervated?
It means that it is only innervated by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic branch
What is an example of an organ that is singly innervated?
The lacrimal gland is innervated by just the parasympathetic division
What does cooperative control of the ANS mean?
It means that both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work to produce a similar response from one part of the body
What is an example of cooperative control in the body?
In the salivary glands the sympathetic nervous system produces a serous secretion and the parasympathetic produces more of a watery secretion
Where does the sympathetic nervous system come from the CNS?
From the spinal nerves of the spinal cord
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system come from the CNS?
It comes from the cranial and sacral nerves which is why it is called the cranial sacral region
In the autonomic pathway is the preganglionic neuron myelinated or unmyelinated?
Myelinated in both divisions
In the autonomic pathway is the postganglionic neuron myelinated or unmyelinated?
Unmyelinated
Where are the ganglions located in the sympathetic version?
They can be located in the sympathetic chain ganglia (a chain of ganglia that surrounds the spinal cord) or collateral ganglia which are outside of the ganglia chain
What are the 3 different collateral ganglia names?
The celiac ganglion
The superior mesenteric
The inferior mesenteric
Where are the ganglions located in parasympathetic branch?
For most of the ganglions in the parasympathetic division, the ganglions are located on the organs themselves except for the ones that innervate cranial organs
What are the lengths of the pre and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?
Preganglionic neurons are long and the post ganglionic neurons are short
What are the lengths of the pre and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?
Preganglionic are short and postganglionic are long
What neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division?
ACh
What neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?
Ach
Which neurotransmitter is released by the post ganglionic neuron onto the target in the sympathetic division?
Norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by the post ganglionic neuron onto the target in the parasympathetic division?
ACh
What kind of receptor is found on the target of a sympathetic pathway?
An adrenergic receptor
What kind of receptor is found on the target of a parasympathetic pathway?
A musacarinic receptor
Is nicotine an agonist on nicotonic receptors?
Yes, it blocks other neurotransmitters
Does nicotine affect the sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both?
Both because they both have nicotinic receptors at the synapse between the pre and postganglionic cell
What kinds of receptors are found at synapse between the pre and postganglionic cell?
Nicotinic because it recieves ACh
Are nicotonic receptors g- protein receptors or ligand gated ion channels?
Ligand gated ion channels
Are musacrinic receptors G-protein receptors or ligand gated ion channels?
G-protein receptors
What is the effect of muscarine (a compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms) on the sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is unique about the innervation of the adrenal medulla compared to the rest of the sympathetic innervation?
- the postganglionic neruon is an anaxonic neuron that is imbedded into the adrenal medulla itself
- the postganglionic neurons release the neurohormone Epinephrine that goes into the bloodstream
- the adrenal medulla itself is a modified ganglion
Why do sympathetic effects typically longer parasympathetic effects?
Because it releases norepinephrine which is a hormone that goes into the bloodstream and it circulates around the body
Which organs are dually innervated?
- eye
- nose
-mouth
-lungs
-heart
-stomach
-large intestine
-small intestine
-reproductive organs
Which organs are singly innervated?
- lacrimal gland
- adrenal medulla
- stomach blood vessels
- skeletal muscle blood vessels
- adipose tissue
Which division causes the eye to dilate and constrict?
Sympathetic- dialate
Parasympathetic- constrict
Which division causes the salivary glands to secrete mucus or serous (watery) solution?
Sympathetic- mucus
Parasympathetic- serous (watery)
Which division causes the heart to increase its rate and constrict versus drop in rate.
Sympathetic- increase heart rate and contraction
Parasympathetic- decreases heart rate
Which division causes the broncholi in the lungs to widen versus constrict?
Sympathetic- widens bronchioles
Parasympathetic- constricts bronchioles
Which division causes the GI tract to inhibit versus stimulates digestion?
Sympathetic- inhibits digestion
Parasympathetic- stimulates digestion
Which division causes the pancreas to stimulate versus inhibit activity?
Sympathetic- inhibits
Parasympathetic- stimulates
Which division causes the adrenal glands to release epinephreine and norenpinephrine?
Sympathetic
Which system causes the GI glands to inhibit the release of enzymes and which causes the GI gland to increase the amount of enzymes that are secreted?
Sympathetic inhibits the release
Parasympathetic stimulates the release
Which division causes the vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the stomach?
Sympathetic
Which division causes the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles to vasodialate?
Sympathetic
Which division causes the bladder to retain and release urine?
Sympathetic- retain
Parasympathetic- release
Which division causes the adipose tissue to breakdown fat?
The sympathetic nervous system
What are the effectors of the sympathetic division?
Skeletal muscle
What are the effectors of the parasympathetic division?
-Smooth and cardiac muscle
-Endocrine and exocrine glands
-Some adipose tissue
What is unique about the somatic motor pathways compared to the autonomic one?
-That in the somatic pathways there are no ganglions,
- it always releases ACh onto a nicotonic receptor so it always produces an excitatory response
- It can target mutiple cells at once
What is unique about autonomic pathways compared to motor?
-They have pre and postgangionic neuron before the target is reached
-It can release ACh or norenpinephrine depending on the pathway
-It effects visceral receptors such as glands, smooth, and cardiac muscle
Are autonomic pathways always excitatory?
No, depending on the neurotransmitter, the target, and the receptor it can either be excitatory or inhibitory
What is the anatomy of a neuromuscular junction?
It is the synapse/ connection between a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle cell
What is the motor end plate of a muscle cell?
It is a specialized part of the sarcolemma (the outside of a muscle cell) which special folds that creates a larger surface area where ACh from the motor neuron can bind to
How does a signal from the motor neuron reach the motor end plate of the muscle cell?
- the ap reaches the axon terminal which causes the ligand gated ion channels to open
- the ligand gated ion channels bring in calcium
- this causes the synaptic vesicles to bind to the membrane of the cell and release ACh
- the ACh binds to the nicotinic receptor
What kind of receptors always produce an excitatory response?
Nicotinic receptors
What kind of response can norepinephrine produce on the target?
excitatory or inhibitory
What kind of response can acetylcholine produce on a target?
excitatory or inhibitory
What do the kidneys do?
produce and release enzymes that promote homeostasis
Which systems of ANS innervate the kidneys? And how? (inhibit/promote etc)
Sympathetic- promotes secretion of enzymes
What does the gallbladder do?
It produces and releases bile which helps breakdown fats
Which systems of ANS innervate the gallbladder? And how? (inhibit/promote etc)
Sympathetic- inhibits
Parasympathetic- promotes
What does the liver do?
Creates bile (which supports digestion)
Which systems of ANS innervate the liver? And how? (inhibit/promote etc)
Sympathetic - inhibits
Parasympathetic- promotes
