Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Active Transport

A

Form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amphipathic

A

Describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anticodon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autolysis

A

Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Centriole

A

Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Centromere

A

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Centrosome

A

Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Channel Protein

A

Membrane- spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Checkpoint

A

Progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromatin

A

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed version of chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cilia

A

Small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

Contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Codon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cyclin

A

One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)

A

One of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

“skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotives abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cytosol

A

Clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diploid

A

Condition marked by the presence of double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

DNA Replication

A

Process of duplicating a molecule of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Endocytosis

A

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Exon

A

One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Flagellum

A

Appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

G0 Phase

A

Phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

G1 Phase

A

First phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

G2 Phase

A

Third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Gene

A

Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Gene Expression

A

Active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Genome

A

Entire complement of an organism’s DNA; found within virtually every cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication

48
Q

Histone

A

Family of a proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin

49
Q

Homologous

A

Describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent

50
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Describes a substance or structure attracted to water

51
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

52
Q

Hypotonic

A

Describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration

53
Q

Integral Protein

A

Membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer

54
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension

55
Q

Interphase

A

Entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis

56
Q

Interstitial Fluid (IF)

A

Fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

57
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid in the cytosol of cells

58
Q

Intron

A

Non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing

59
Q

Isotonic

A

Describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration

60
Q

Kinetochore

A

Region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids

61
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

62
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

63
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

64
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell

65
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase

66
Q

Microfilament

A

The thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support

67
Q

Microtubule

A

The thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support

68
Q

Mitochondrion

A

One of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that functions primarily in the production of cellular energy

69
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed

70
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis

71
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis

72
Q

Multipotent

A

Describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell

73
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA

74
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Membrane that surround the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid bi-layer

75
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

One of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered througout the nuclear envelope

76
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis

77
Q

Nucleosome

A

Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins

78
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

79
Q

Oligopotent

A

Describes the condition of being more specialized than multi-potency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types

80
Q

Organelle

A

Any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

81
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

82
Q

Passive Transport

A

Form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy

83
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane

84
Q

Peroxisome

A

Membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances

85
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of large particles

86
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis of fluid

87
Q

Pluripotent

A

Describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types

88
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids linked y peptide bonds

89
Q

Polyribosome

A

Simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes

90
Q

Promoter

A

Region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at the site within the gene

91
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes

92
Q

Proteome

A

Full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell’s specific gene expression)

93
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

A group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage

94
Q

Receptor

A

Protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule

95
Q

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors

96
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome

97
Q

Ribosome

A

Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

98
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis

99
Q

S phase

A

Stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs

100
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others

101
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

One of a paid of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication

102
Q

Sodium-potassium Pump

A

(also Na+/K+ ATP-ase) Membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell

103
Q

Somatic Cell

A

All cells of the body excluding gamete cells

104
Q

Spliceosome

A

Complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript

105
Q

Splicing

A

The process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions

106
Q

Stem Cell

A

Cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized

107
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei

108
Q

Totipotent

A

Embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

109
Q

Transcription

A

Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

110
Q

Transcriptor Factor

A

One of the proteins that regualte the transcription of genes

111
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence

112
Q

Translation

A

Process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

113
Q

Triplet

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid

114
Q

Unipotent

A

Describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type

115
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions