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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

Release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization

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2
Q

Acrosome

A

Cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the protective layers surrounding the oocyte

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3
Q

Afterbirth

A

Third stage of childbirth in which the placenta and associated fetal membranes are expelled

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4
Q

Allantois

A

Finger-like outpocketing of yolk sac forms the primitive excretory duct of the embryo; precursor to the urinary bladder

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5
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of a gene that occupy a specific locus on a specific gene

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6
Q

Amnion

A

Transparent membranous sac that encloses the developing fetus and fills with amniotic fluid

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7
Q

Amniotic Cavity

A

Cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion

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8
Q

Autosomal Chromosome

A

In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

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9
Q

Autosomal Dominant

A

Pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes

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10
Q

Autosomal Recessive

A

Pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes

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11
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst

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12
Q

Blastocyst

A

Term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta

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13
Q

Blastomere

A

Daughter cell of a cleavage

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14
Q

Brazton Hicks Contractions

A

Weak and irregular peristaltic contractions that can occur in the second and third trimesters; they do not indicate that childbirth is imminent

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15
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Highly vascularized fat tissue that is packed with mitochondria; these properties confer the ability to oxidize fatty acids to generate heat

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16
Q

Capacitation

A

Process that occurs in the female reproductive tract in which sperm are prepared for fertilization; leads to increased motility and changed in their outer membrane that improve their ability to release enzymes capable of digesting an oocyte’s outer layers

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17
Q

Carrier

A

Heterozygous individual who does not display symptoms of a recessive genetic disorder but can transmit the disorder to his or her offspring

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18
Q

Chorion

A

Membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi

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19
Q

Chorionic Membrane

A

Precursor to the chorion; forms from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells

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20
Q

Chorionic Villi

A

Projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta

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21
Q

Cleavage

A

Form of mitotic cell division in which the cell divides but the total volume remains unchanged; this process serves to produce smaller and smaller cells

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22
Q

Codominance

A

Pattern of inheritance that corresponds to the equal, distinct, and simultaneous expression of two different alleles

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23
Q

Colostrum

A

Thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother’s breasts in the first postpartum days; rich in immunoglobulins

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24
Q

Conceptus

A

Pre-implantation stage of a fertilized egg and its associated membranes

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25
Q

Corona Radiata

A

In an oocyte, a layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the oocyte and that must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur

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26
Q

Cortical Reaction

A

Following fertilization, the release of the cortical granules from the oocyte’s plasma membrane into the zona pellucida creating a fertilization membrane that presents any further attachment or penetration of sperm; part of the slow block to polyspermy

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27
Q

Dilation

A

First stage of childbirth, involving an increase in cervical diameter

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28
Q

Dominant

A

Describes a trait that is expressed both in homozygous and heterozygous form

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29
Q

Dominant Lethal

A

Inheritance pattern in which individuals with one or two copies of a lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span

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30
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Shunt in the pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta

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31
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

Shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava

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32
Q

Ectoderm

A

Primary germ layer that develops into the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensory organs, epidermis, hair, and nails

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33
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Implantation of an embryo outside of the uterus

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34
Q

Embryo

A

Developing human during weeks 3-8

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35
Q

Embryonic Folding

A

Process by which an embryo develops from a flat disc of cells to a 3D shape resembling a cylinder

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36
Q

Endoderm

A

Primary germ layer that goes on to form the gastointerstinal tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

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37
Q

Epiblast

A

Upper layer of cells of the embryonic disc that forms from the inner cell mass; gives rise to all three germ layers

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38
Q

Episiotomy

A

Incision made in the posterior vaginal wall and perineum that facilitates vaginal birth

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39
Q

Expulsion

A

Second stage of childbirth, during which the mother bears down with contractions; this stage ends in birth

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40
Q

Fertilization

A

Unification of genetic material from male and female haploid gametes

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41
Q

Fertilization Membrane

A

Impenetrable barrier that coats a nascent zygote; part of the slow black to polyspermy

42
Q

Fetus

A

Developing human during the time from the end of the embryonic period (week 9) to birth

43
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and helps divert oxygenated blood from the fetal pulmonary circuit

44
Q

Foremilk

A

Watery, translucent breast milk that is secreted first during a feeding and is right in lactose and protein; quenches the infant’s thirst

45
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process of cell migration and differentiation into three primary germ layers following cleavage and implantation

46
Q

Genotype

A

Complete genetic makeup of an individual

47
Q

Gestation

A

In human development, the period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy

48
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene

49
Q

Hindmilk

A

Opaque, creamy breast milk delivered toward the end of a feeding; rich in fact; satisfies the infant’s appetite

50
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

51
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadrotropin (hCG)

A

Hormone that directs the corpus lutetium to survive, enlarge, and continue producing progesterone and estrogen to suppress menses and secure an environment suitable for the developing embryo

52
Q

Hypoblast

A

Lower layer of cells of the embryonic disc that extend into the blastocoel to form the yolk sac

53
Q

Implantation

A

Process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium

54
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Pattern of inheritance in which a heterozygous genotype expresses a phenotype intermediate between dominant and recessive phenotypes

55
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

Cluster of cells within the blastocyst that is fated to become the embryo

56
Q

Involution

A

Postpartum shrinkage of the uterus back to its pre-pregnancy volume

57
Q

Kayotype

A

Systematic arrangement of images of chromosomes into homologous pairs

58
Q

Lactation

A

Process by which milk is synthesized and secreted from the mammary glands of the postpartum female breast in response to sucking at the nipple

59
Q

Lanugo

A

Silk-like hairs that coat the fetus; shed later in fetal development

60
Q

Let-down Reflex

A

Release of milk from the alveoli triggered by infant suckling

61
Q

Lightening / Dropping

A

Descent of the fetus lower into the pelvis in late pregnancy

62
Q

Lochia

A

Postpartum vaginal discharge that begins as blood and ends as a whitish discharge; the end of lochia signals that the site of placental attachment has healed

63
Q

Meconium

A

Fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, musus, and bile

64
Q

Mesoderm

A

Primary germ layer that becomes the skeleton, muscles, connective tissue, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

65
Q

Morula

A

Tightly packed sphere of blastomeres that has reached the uterus but has not yet implanted itself

66
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

67
Q

Neural Fold

A

Elevated edge of the neural groove

68
Q

Neural Plate

A

Thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of an embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue

69
Q

Neural Tube

A

Precursor to the structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium

70
Q

Neurulation

A

Embryonic process that establishes the central nervous system

71
Q

Nonshivering Thermogenesis

A

Process of breaking down brown adipose tissue to produce heat in the absence of a shivering response

72
Q

Notocord

A

Rod-shaped, mesoderm-dervied structure that provides support for growing fetus

73
Q

Organogenesis

A

Development of the reudimentary structures of all of an ambryo’s organs from the germ layers

74
Q

Parturition

A

Childbirth

75
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical or biochemical manifestation of the genotype; expression of the alleles - an individual’s observable traits

76
Q

Placenta

A

Organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus

77
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows

78
Q

Placentation

A

formation of the placenta; complete by weeks 14-16 of pregnancy

79
Q

Polyspermy

A

Penetration of an oocyte by more than one sperm

80
Q

Primitive Streak

A

Indentation along the dorsal surface of the epiblast through which cells migrate to form the endoderm and mesoderm during gastrulation

81
Q

Prolactin

A

Pituitary hormone that establishes and maintains the supple of breast milk; also important for the mobilization of material micronutrients for breast milk

82
Q

Punnett Square

A

Grid used to display all possible combinations of alleles transmitted by parents to offspring and predict the mathematical probability of offspring inheriting a given genotype

83
Q

Quickening

A

Fetal movements that re strong enough to be felt by the mother

84
Q

Recessive

A

Describes a trait is only expressed in homozygous form and is masked in heterozygous form

85
Q

Recessive Lethal

A

Inheritance pattern in which individuals with to copies of lethal allele do not survive in utero or have a shortened life span

86
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes involved in sex determination; in males, the XY chromosomes; in females, the XX chromosomes

87
Q

Shunt

A

Circulatory shortcut that diverts the flow of blood from one region to another

88
Q

Somite

A

One of the paired, repeating blocks of tissue located on either side of the notochord in the early embryo

89
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Superficial cells of the trophoblast that fuse to form a multi-nucleated body that digests endometrial cells to firmly secure the blastocyst to the uterine wall

90
Q

Trait

A

Variation of an expressed characteristic

91
Q

Trimester

A

Division of the duration of a pregnancy into three, 3-month terms

92
Q

Trophoblast

A

Fluid-filled shell of squamous cells destined to become the chorionic villi, placenta, and associated fetal membranes

93
Q

True Labor

A

Regular contractions that immediately preceded childbirth; they do not abate with hydration or rest, and they become more frequent and powerful with time

94
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

Connection between the developing conceptus and the placenta; carries deoxygenated blood and wastes from the fetus and returns nutrients and oxygen from the mother

95
Q

Vernix Caseosa

A

Waxy, cheese-like substance that protects the delicate fetal skin until birth

96
Q

X-linked

A

Pattern of inheritance in which an allele is carried on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair

97
Q

X-lined Dominant

A

Pattern of the dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair

98
Q

X-linked Recessive

A

Pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on the X chromosome of the 23rd pair

99
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Membrane associated with primitive circulation to the developing embryo; source of the first blood cells and germ cells and contributes to the umbillocal cord structure

100
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Thick, gel-like glycoprotein membrane that coats the oocyte and must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur

101
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg; a diploid cell resulting from the fertilization of haploid gametes from the male and female lines

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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