Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 121 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main purpose of research?

A
  1. understand people
    2.improve the quality of human lives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

psychology is the scientific study of ______ and _______.

A

mind and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

⭐️define psychology briefly

A

the DISCIPLINE concerned with behaviour and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s PHYSICAL STATE, MENTAL STATE and EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of specialist CREATE new knowledge in psychology?

A

Research psychologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define psychologist practitioners?

A

the ones who typically USE knowledge that already exists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is data

A

Data is plural, required, collection of information, cognitively stored in mind as info or memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is data stored?

A

in the form of visual depictions as bar graphs or spreadsheets enabling us to check on different levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 types of data?

A

qualitative and quantitative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

A

Qualitative- non numeric, descriptive in nature, includes observations, narratives providing deeper understanding of behaviours, emotions, experiences.

Quantitative- numerical info, statistical analysis, measurable variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

⭐️EMPIRICAL METHOD?

A

process of collecting and organizing data and drawing conclusions about those data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

⭐️SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

set of assumptions, rules and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychological research may be either _______ or _______ in orientation

A

basic, applied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

difference between basic research and applied research

A

BASIC RESEARCH- answers fundamental questions about behaviour
(no particular reason just to acquire knowledge oh how certain processes occur)

APPLIED RESEARCH- that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions for everyday problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the first step of psychological study and define it?

A

RESEARCH DESIGN
specific method a researcher uses to collect, analyze and interpret data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name the 3 major types of research design?

A

Descriptive research
correlational research
experimental research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define replicability

A

ability for findings to be supported by multiple studies and generalize across time and situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

research designs vary according to ______ and ______.

A

strength and limitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are ethical codes

A

set of rules that must be followed by researchers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

psychologist use ________ method to guide their research

A

scientific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

according to psychologist what is the best tool for understanding human beings and their relationship with others.

A

RESEARCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

scientific method demands that the procedures used be ______.

A

OBJECTIVE- free from personal bias or emotions of the scientist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are “laws” in psychology?

A

principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define theory

A

integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed relationships with a given domain of enquiry
ex- stage theory of cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 4 imp characters of good theories

A

they are:
1.GENERAL- summarize many diff outcomes

2.PARSIMONIOUS- provide simplest possible account of these outcomes(ideas are simple not complex)

3.provide ideas for future research.

  1. ARE FALSIFIABLE- means variables of interest can be measured+ relationships b/w variable, predicted by the theory, can be shown incorrect through research.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name some data collections methods?

A

SURVEY
INTERVIEW
CONTENT ANALYSIS
OBSERVATION
FOCUS GROUPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the key method of data collection in psychology?

A

EXPERIMENTATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the difference between value and facts?

A

VALUE- viewed as personal statement or feelings about an issue and may be quiet abstract

FACTS- an objective statements that are verifiable through empirical study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what values are desirable states of existence?

A

terminal values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

define terminal value and instrumental values

A

INSTRUMENTAL VALUES- means or strategies used to achieve terminal values, serving as the stepping stones or tools to reach the desired end goals.

TERMINAL VALUES are end goals desired outcomes that individuals strive to achieve for their own sake, such as happiness or personal fulfillment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

instrumental values consists primarily of ______ and ________.

A

characteristics and personality traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are some value-laden social and human rights issue

A

abortion
MAID(medical assistance in dying)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 3 ways to come at a problem and which ones are used in psy121?

A

lower- biological(genes, hormones)

middle- involves individual differences

higher- cultural and social

MIDDLE and HIGHER are used in psy 121

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______ instead of theory is used as the basis of research by scientists.

A

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

DEFINE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

A

It is a specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among two or more variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define variables

A

any attribute than can assume different values among diff people or across diff times or places.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what abstract ideas form the basis of research hypothesis?

A

conceptual variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the first step in testing a research hypothesis

A

turning conceptual variables into measured variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

define measured variables

A

variables consisting of numbers that represent conceptual variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

define operational definition

A

precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The most widespread concern to the participants in behavioural research is the extent to which researchers employ ________.

A

deception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

define deception

A

it occurs whenever participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_________ and ______ help provide humane treatment for participants in a research.

A

informed consent
debriefing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

a _________ is used to determine what research should and should not be allowed to proceed.

A

cost-benefit analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

_______ is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with morality

A

ethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the 4 general moral principles which apply to scientific research ethics

A

weighing risks against benefits
acting responsibly
seeking justice
respecting people’e rights and dignity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the term used for a helper who pretend to be a real participant in a research?

A

CONFEDERATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the “informed consent” concept

A

I.e. researchers obtain people’s agreement to participate after informing them everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what was the nuremberg code about?

A

set of 10 principles
particularly focused on risks against benefits+ informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what was the additions made by DECLARATION OF HELINSKI

A

that a detailed written (protocol) description of the research done to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Belmont report is a set of ____________-.

A

federal guidelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what committee is responsible for reviewing research protocols for potential ethical problems.

A

ethical review board(ERB)
or
Institutional review boards(IRB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the three levels of research risks?

A

EXEMPT RESEARCH
MINIMAL RISK RESEARCH
AT-RISK RESEARCH: Greater than minimal, must be viewed by IRB members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are some of the most imp concepts of APA ethics?

A

informed consent
deception
debriefing
use of non human animal objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what are the varieties of forms of deception that can take place in a study ?

A

1.misinforming participants
2.using confederates
3.false feedback of their performance
4.not fully informing PARTICIPANTS of the full design or true purpose of research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

acc to APA ethics code, deception is only allowed if ___________.

A

benefits of the study outweighs the risks

56
Q

define debriefing

A

process of informing research participants as soon as possible of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception, correcting any misconceptions also involves minimizing the harm that might have occurred.

57
Q

which is the most imp ethic code for researchers in psychology?

A

APA ethics code

58
Q

define descriptive research

A

A research designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs

59
Q

define correlational research

A

a research designed to discover relationship between two variables and allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge.

60
Q

define experimental knowledge

A

A research in which initial equivalence among research participants in more than one group is created, followed by a manipulation of a given experience for these groups and a measurement of the influence of manipulation.

61
Q

what are the types of descriptive research?

A

case studies
surveys
naturalistic observation

62
Q

what is SAMPLE

A

the people chosen to participate in the research

63
Q

the result of descriptive research are analyzed using _________

A

descriptive statistics

64
Q

A data distribution that is shaped like a bell is known as a ________-

A

normal distribution

65
Q

define descriptive statistics

A

numbers that summarize the distribution of scores on a measured variable

66
Q

how can a distribution be defined?

A

in terms of its central tendency i.e. the point in the distribution around which the data are centred

67
Q

what is the most commonly used measure of central tendency?

A

denoted by ‘M’
arithmetic average of arithmetic mean
sum of all scores of variable divided by no of participants in the distribution

68
Q

when does the asymmetry of data occurs?

A

when there are one or more extreme scores(outliers) at the end of the distribution

69
Q

what alternative measure of central tendency is used when distributions are NOT SYMMETRICAL?

A

median- the score in the centre of the distribution.

70
Q

what measure of central tendency represent the value that occurs most frequently in the distribution?

A

mode

71
Q

define dispersion

A

the extent to which the scores are
all tightly clustered around the central tendency

72
Q

what is the simplest measure of dispersion and how to compute the range of the variable?

A

to measure dispersion, find the maximum and the minimum observed values of the variable and to compute the range, maximum score-minimum score

73
Q

what is the most commonly used measure of dispersion?

A

STANDARD DEVIATION, ‘S’

74
Q

when there are two variables in the correlational research design, one of them is called the________, and the other ___________.

A

predictor variable
outcome variable

75
Q

what does the curved arrow between two variables represent?

A

expected correlation

76
Q

____________ is the visual image of the relationship between two variables.

A

scatter plot

77
Q

define a linear relationship?

A

when the association between the variables on the scatter plot can be easily approximated with a straight line, the variable are said to have a linear relationship.

78
Q

what are the 2 types of linear relationship?

A

POSITIVE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP: people who score higher on one of the variables also tend to score higher on the other variable

NEGATIVE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP: people who score higher on one of the variables tend to score lower on the other variable.

79
Q

Relationships between variable that cannot be describes with a straight line are known as ________.

A

Nonlinear relationships- no relationship at all between variables, said to be independent.

80
Q

define curvilinear relationships

A

relationships that change in direction and thus are not describes by a single straight line

81
Q

name the most common statistical measure of the strength of linear relationships among variables?

A

Pearson correlation coefficient, ‘r’
ranges from -1.00 to +1.00

82
Q

how is direction of linear relationship indicated?

A

by the sign of correlation coefficient
positive values- relationship is positive linear (pattern goes from lower left to upper right)

negative values-relationship is negative linear
(pattern goes from upper left to lower right)

83
Q

define multiple regression

A

A statistical technique based on correlation coefficients among variables that allows predicting a single outcome variable from more than one predictor variable.

eg.
predictor variable- salary. job satisfaction, years employed
outcome variable- job performance

84
Q

name one imp Limitation of correlational research?

A

they cannot be used to draw conclusions about the causal relationships Among the measured variables.

85
Q

define common causal variable

A

it is a variable that is not a part of the research hypothesis but that causes both the predictor ad the outcome variable and thus produces the observed correlation between them.

86
Q

A _________ is a relationship between two variables in which a common-causal variable produces and “explains away” the relationship.

A

spurious relationship

87
Q

_______ is not demonstrated by correlation and is the key diff between b/w correlation research and experimental research.

A

causation

88
Q

what is the goal of experimental research?

A

provide definitive conclusions about causal relationships among the variable in the research hypothesis

89
Q

what are the variables of interest known as in an experimental research design

A

INDEPENDENT variables- is the causing variable that is created(manipulated) by the experimenter

DEPENDENT variable- measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation.

90
Q

The most common method of creating equivalence among the experimental conditions is through ?

A

random assignment to conditions

91
Q

when is a research said to be valid?

A

when the conclusion drawn by the researcher are legitimate

92
Q

how many major type of threats are present to the validity of research?

A

4
THREATS TO CONSTRUCT VALIDITY- what if the measured variable does not measure conceptual

THREATS TO STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY- wrong conclusions maybe because no statistical tests made or were incorrectly interpreted

THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY-what if the independent variable does not cause the dependent, rather confounding variable does

THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY-what if the observed effects are not general but are only found under limited conditions or specific group of people.

93
Q

______ refers to the consistency of measured variable.

A

reliability

94
Q

ability to learn about the relationship between the conceptual variables in a research hypothesis is dependent on the ___________ of the measured variables.

A

operational definitions

95
Q

_________ refers to the confidence with which a scientist can conclude that data are not due to chance or random error.

A

Statistical significance

96
Q

__________ refers to the extent to which we can be certain that the researcher has drawn accurate conclusions about the statistical significance of the research.

A

Statistical conclusion validity

97
Q

__________ are the variables other than the independent variable on which the participants in one experimental
condition differ systematically from those in other conditions

A

confounding variables

98
Q

________ makes it impossible to be sure that the independent variable caused the dependent variable.

A

confounding

99
Q

________ refers to the extent to which relationships among conceptual variables can be demonstrated in a wide variety of people and a wide variety of manipulated or measured variables

A

Generalization

100
Q

If the results are the
same in both cultures, then we say that the results have generalized, but if they are different, then we have learned a
__________- of the effect

A

limiting condition

101
Q

The process of repeating previous research, which forms the basis of all scientific inquiry, is known as__________.

A

replication

102
Q

what procedure is used by scientists to summarize replications of research findings?

A

META-ANALYSIS
statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw conclusions about those
studies.

103
Q

Scientists use _______ to better understand the external validity of research.

A

meta-analyses

104
Q

Internal validity is greater when confounding variables are ?

A

reduced or eliminated

105
Q

theories are usually framed too broadly to be tested in a single experiment. Therefore, scientists normally use the _______ as a basis for their research

A

research hypothesis

106
Q

Scientists use _________ to turn the ideas of interest — conceptual variables — into measured variables.

A

operational definitions

107
Q

EXPERIMENTER BIAS?

A

situation in which the experimenter subtly treats the research participants in the various experimental conditions differently, resulting
in an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis.

108
Q

WILHELM WUNDT’s research was on ________?

A

TRAINED INTROSPECTION

109
Q

WHO INTENDED ON DISTINGUISHING PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE?

A

WILHELM WUNDT

110
Q

WHAT WAS William Wundts structuralism

A

a theory of consciousness, where trained observers were thought to be able to understand emotions, behaviours and thoughts through careful, deep observation

111
Q

what was William Wundts structuralism approach?

A

individuals would describe their feelings, and images and sensations when experiencing a given event

112
Q

what were the limitations of structuralism of Wundts’s ?

A

highly subjective, each person had a unique experience

113
Q

___________ was developed by William James?

A

functionalism

114
Q

define functionalism ?

A

he moved beyond description and analysis, he believed consciousness could not have basic unit or structure..
concerned with how and why underlying a persons behaviour

115
Q

William James expanded the study of psychology to include children, religion and the __________.

A

stream of consciousness

116
Q

who was the founder of psychoanalysis ?

A

sigmund freud

117
Q

what was psychoanalysis ?

A

everything we do is made up of a complex struggle between our conscious and unconscious- much with people problems from painful childhood experiences that could no longer be expected

118
Q

what theorizing was given by sigmand freud?

A

“iceberg”
looking at the unconscious as it relates to our early sexual experiences/current sexual desires

119
Q

name 2 additional subfields of psychology?

A

behaviourism/evolutionary
neuroimaging/fMRI

120
Q

treatment for autism spectrum disorder

A

ABA
Applied behaviour analysis

121
Q

additional subfields of psychology?

A

cultural
personality
clinical
positive
humanistic

122
Q

what is the big five factor model?

A

OCEAN

Openness
Consciousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

123
Q

__________ was a pioneer in applied social psychology?

A

KURT LEWIN

124
Q

WHAT WAS THE EQUATION DERIVED FROM KURT LEWIN?

A

BEHAVIOUR IS A FUNCTION OF BOTH PERSONALITY AND ENVIRONMENT

i.e OCEAN * social situations ( work, occupation, play, sports etc)

125
Q

define inclusion

A

Recognition of, respect for, and
valuation of, individual differences across
identities; people feel free to, and are
encouraged to, bring their “authentic
selves” to work

126
Q

what is EDI?

A

Equity
Diversity
Inclusion and belonging

127
Q

what factor was put to the test in the Robber’s cave study?

A

Group dynamics- society learned a lot about how groups get along when they are in competition for resources and when they work cooperatively.

128
Q

microagression gave a major contribution to what in psychology?

A

Diversity

129
Q

define microagression?

A

brief and commonplace daily, verbal, behavioural and environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional that communicate hostile, derogatory or negative racial slights and insults to the target person or groups.

130
Q

which was the first online encyclopedia of micro aggression?

A

how do micro aggression make you feel?

131
Q

define intersectionality

A

refers to simultaneous experiences of social categories such as race, gender, socioeconomic status and sexual interaction and the ways in which these categories interact to create system of oppression, domination and discrimination

132
Q

what two studies created the need for ethics review boards and a code of ethics for psychologists?

A

Social Psychologists—>
Stanley Milgram
Phillip Zimbardo

133
Q

what are the ways to mitigate risks in research ?

A

-modify research design(where possible)
-pilot-test of pre-screen

134
Q

hallmarks of true experiment?

A
  1. Random assignment of participants to conditions
  2. Manipulation of variable
135
Q

when using the survey method ex. distributing questionnaires to participant what validity is focused on?

A

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
what we use to show that our “questionnaires” are valid

136
Q

when using the experimental method, randomly assigning participants to conditions or groups what validity is focused on?

A

internal validity
which answers the question- are our result a function of the independent variable OR is it a function of some third variable or confounding variable

137
Q
A

PSY 121 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions