chapter 13 Flashcards
define social psychology?
Branch of psychological science, understand how other people affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
what are the 5 major topics that fall under social psychology’s study of group processes?
attraction
attitude
peace/conflict
social influence
social cognition
what are the 2 of the oldest areas of research in psychology?
CONFORMITY and OBEDIENCE
define social cognition
the way we think about the social world and how we perceive others
what is active learning?
involves students in doing things and thinking about what they are doing
benefits of active learning??
1). improve retention
2). enhance concept; understanding and test scores
3). facilitate innovative thinking
4). improves student attitude towards learning
define implicit attitudes
unconscious automatic evaluations people hold towards objects or groups, which can influence behaviour
In psychology there are varying __________ , summarizes diff levels at which scientists might understand a single event.
levels of analysis
what method would be well suited for understanding more about men and how they share their feelings?
naturalistic observation
define attitude
attitudes are opinions, feelings and beliefs about a person, concept or group.
what are the most studies topics in attitude research?
STEREOTYPING
PREJUDICE
define stereotyping with example
Definition: Stereotypes are like fixed ideas or images we have about a group of people.
Example: If someone thinks all older people are bad with technology, that’s a stereotype. It’s a general idea without knowing each older person individually.
define prejudice
PRE-JUDGING
Definition: Prejudice is having a bad feeling or judgment about someone based on things like their race, gender, or age.
Example: If someone doesn’t like a person just because they are from a different country, that’s prejudice. It’s not based on the individual’s actions but on a negative feeling about their nationality.
what is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice?
stereotype is a general idea about a group, while prejudice is a negative feeling or judgment about an individual based on something like their race or age.
define discrimination
unfair or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or other factors. It involves actions that deny equal opportunities or rights to certain people due to these perceived differences.
what is the heart and soul of social psychology?
social influence
define conformity
widespread tendency to act and think like people around us
define obedience
following orders or requests from people In authority
_________ is the act of delivering a particular message so that it influences a person’s behaviour in a desired way.
Persuasion
giving a small gift puts people in the frame of mind to give a little something back, a principle called_________-.
reciprocity
When we make educated guesses about the
efforts or motives behind other’s behaviour , this is called __________.
social attribution
We are “attributing” their behaviour to a particular cause
define fundamental attribution error?
The consistent way we attribute people’s actions to personality traits while overlooking situational influences
what does the term HEURISTICS means?
mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem-solving to more simple, rule-
based decisions
name the two diff heuristics
REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTICS
AVAILABILITY HEURISTICS
define representativeness heuristics
shortcut where judgments about the likelihood of an event are based on how well it aligns with stereotypes, rather than more comprehensive information. EX. assuming intelligence based on someone wearing glasses is an example of this heuristic.
define availability heuristics
mental shortcut where people rely on readily available information rather than considering all relevant data. ex., someone might overestimate the likelihood of a rare event, like a plane crash, if they recently heard news about it, even if the risk is low.
what is the term used for tendency of individuals to underestimate the time, resources, and challenges involved in future tasks or projects. It results in overly optimistic predictions about the completion of activities, often leading to delays and difficulties ?
planning fallacy
what is the term used when individuals predict and anticipate their future emotional states. It involves trying to predict how you will feel in response to future events or situations
affective forecasting
Predictions about future feelings are influenced by ??
impact bias, tendency for a person to overestimate the intensity of their future feelings.
_________ refers to the tendency for people to overestimate how long positive and negative events will affect them
durability bias
________ refers to the mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings.
hot cognition
when is a process considered automatic?
unintentional
uncontrollable
occurs outside of conscious awareness
the ________ effect where individuals nonconsciously mimic the
postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviours of their interaction partners
the chameleon effect
the tendency to recall memories similar in valence to our current mood is known as
mood-congruent memory
traditionally, how were attitudes measured/
explicit attitude measures
social categorization?
Ingroup- Outgroup dichotomy
process of grouping people based on shared characteristics, leading to the formation of in-groups (those perceived as similar) and out-groups (those perceived as different)- results in favouritism towards in-groups and potential prejudice against out-groups, influencing social attitudes and behaviours.
what are the 3 different social psychological phenomena?
PHENOMENON 1: STEREOTYPING (BELIEFS)
PHENOMENON 2: PREJUDICE (AFFECT)
PHENOMENON 3: DISCRIMINATION (BEHAVIOUR)
WHAT WAS WALTER LIPPMAN’S THEORY ABOUT STEREOTYPING?
“We all have pictures in our heads”
a tendency to think of people or
things as being similar, due to some
perceived shared attribute
According to Walter Lippmann what defines the info we attend to because it is “stereotypes” for us?
culture
name the common implicit measures of attitude?
implicit association test (IAT)
measuring how quickly the participant pairs a concept (e.g cats) with an attribute (e.g., good or bad)
Another common implicit measure is _________ which measures how quickly the participant labels the valence.(i.e. negative or positive)
evaluating priming task
what is the definition of stereotypes acc to Hilton \& von hippel?
cognitive schemas used by perceivers to
process information about others
how was stereotype seen historically and how is it seen now?
Historically seen as faulty and
inflexible; now, seen as a necessary way in which people make sense of their
social worlds
why is stereotyping a form of bias?
-treating an individual as an exact representation of the group is never accurate;
-the individual is never identical in all respects to one’s image of the group
-no individual exactly represents in all respects the average of the group
how does stereotype promotes prejudice and discrimination?
by influencing perceptions, interpretations, and judgments
what are the cognitions that “SUPPORT” stereotyping?
-PERCEPTION OF OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY: “they” are all the same
-PERCEPTION OF INGROUP VARIABILITY:
“WE” are so unique
-PERCEIVED CONTRAST BETWEEN GROUPS: Usually ALWAYS favours tour ingroup
what are the types of cognitions that “PROMOTE” stereotyping
- Causal attributions (What we attribute others’ behaviour to)
- Fundamental attribution error (result of an individual’s
- Ultimate attribution error (result of a group’s disposition vs.
what are the 2 primary DIMENSIONS of stereotype from the theory of SCM?
WARMTH:traits are good natured, friendly and trustworthy; pertain to “cooperative” groups, and excludes “competitor “ groups”.
COMPETENCE: independent, skillful and able; pertains to high status vs, low-status groups
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF TWO DIMENSION SCM, or when elderly individuals are viewed as incompetent??
two manifestations
1). BENIGN AGEISM; subtle type of bias that arises out of conscious and unconscious fears and anxieties one has about growing old.
2). MALIGNANT AGEISM; blatant type of bias that arises when older individuals are viewed as worthless.
what might happen when individuals are viewed as “WARM” ?
one manifestation=Patronizing language
1). Over accommodation
2).Secondary baby talk
beyond automatic tendency what are the 2 primary reasons for conformity?
1).NORMATIVE INFLUENCE: afraid what people will think of them, hence bhed chaal
2). INFORMATIVE INFLUENCE: sometime because people are often a source of info
what are the basic distinctions of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination??
Stereotypes= beliefs
prejudice= feelings
discrimination= behaviour
what is the term given for Cultural OR Societal stereotypes .. explain briefly
CONSENSUAL STEREOTYPE
widely shared and agreed-upon beliefs or expectations about the characteristics, traits, or behaviors of different groups within a culture or society.
ex. kisi ek country de loka nu chnga monde ne bde loki fir sbbdi expectation hundi aa ki oo ohi traits show krn even if individual variations exist in these groups.
what is term given for personal or individual stereotypes..explain briefly
IDIOSYNCRATIC STEREOTYPE
unique and personalized beliefs or expectations about the characteristics of a specific person, rather than being widely shared within a culture or society.
EX. Karan bda mehanti hou kyoke oo rój swere 3 vje uthke kama te janda a
________ of stereotypes are imp which indicates whether the qualities ascribed to a group are seen in a positive or negative light, good or bad, favourable or unfavourable…
VALENCE
____________ are individuals or groups who commit or carry out harmful, negative, or wrongful actions.
perpetrators
__________ typically refer to individuals or things that are the focus of observation, study, or evaluation in research or experiments.
targets
what do u mean by ultimate attribution error?
tendency to attribute positive actions of one’s in-group to internal factors (like personality) and negative actions to external factors (like situations)
ex. agr koi apnda banda, success=mehnat, fail=aukha kamm c
agar bhr da bnda, success=luck, fail=nkamma
what is some old fashioned prejudice?
emphasizing ingroup superiority, outgroup inferiority and segregation between groups
define DISJUNCTION
in-groups tend to blame out-groups for their diadvataged status, helps the in-group feel better about themselves, simplifies complex situations, and justifies existing inequalities
_________ of outgroups also suggests
widespread prejudice and discrimination.
lived experience
what beliefs does the modern prejudice founded upon?
THAT MINORITY GROUPS:
-are no longer discriminated against
-make illegitimate (unnecessary) demands for changes to the status quo
-place undue emphasis on their social
category and, thus, contribute to their own marginalization
and that
Current generations are no longer responsible for past injustices experienced by the minority group
_______- and _______ are the measurements of attitude.
explicit and implicit
what are the problems faced by explicit measures of attitudes?
-SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS:Participants may not respond “truthfully”
- Less overt questions may introduce “noise”
what are the problems faced by implicit measures of attitude/
- Lack of stability (i.e., implicit attitudes may be context-specific and malleable [changeable])
-Correlations among implicit measures tend to be weak
-Tests such as the IAT are susceptible to “faking”
-What does the D score for an IAT really mean?
SOCIAL IDENTITY= ?
a person’s sense of self -based on
their group memberships
WHAT SENSES ARE GIVEN BU GROUP MEMBERSHIPS?
A SENSE OF:
belonging
purpose
self-worth
identity
how is comparison drawing in social identity theory?
ingroup/outgroup differences
what is the spiral of silence theory about?
individuals are hesitant to express opinions or beliefs that they perceive as unpopular or in the minority
- Individuals’ beliefs, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by
their perception of the beliefs, feelings, and behaviours of others.
what are the key assumptions of spiral of silence theory?
THREAT OF ISOLATION
-society threatens those who differ from the majority.
FEAR OF ISOLATION
-individuals fear becoming “social isolates”/ and need to fit in with the group
QUASI STATISTICAL SENSE
-individuals monitor their environment to determine current opinions/standards of behaviour
WILLINGNESS TO SPEAK OUT/TENDENCY TO REMAIN SILENT
-individuals tend to publicly express their feelings, beliefs and behaviours when they view those as being dominant or in the rise.
Define SDO?
Individual differences variable
SOCIAL DOMINENCE ORIENTATION
-belief that groups should be arrange hierarchically (ingroup on top)
-Anti-egalitarian/humanitarian
SDO- preference for _______ as normal and natural.
inequality
what is RWA
RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM
-focuses on value conflicts, respect for obedience and authority
what are the personality types in RWA
-submission
-aggression
-adherence to social conventions
SDO and RWA are only modestly ________, where SDO=_______ phenomenon
RWA=________ phenomenon.
intercorrelated
SDO=intergroup phenomenon
RWA=intragroup phenomenon
subtle biases are ______ and ______- but real in consequences.
unexamined and unconscious
in group favouritism is what form of bias and why?
AMBIGUOUS FORM
because it disfavours the outgroup by exclusion
a specific case of comfort in ingroup is called _________-.
aversive racism
What does the stereotype “model minority” means?
includes people with excessive competence but deficient sociability
define “pluralistic ignorance”
Relying on others to define the situation and to then erroneously conclude that no
intervention is necessary when help is actually needed is called pluralistic ignorance
what was the conclusion from the investigative study of “Shotland and straw(1976)”? and what was the dependent variable?
Dependent Variable: Intervention
Interpretation of the severity of the emergency differs as a function of
the perceived relationship
define “diffusion of responsibility”
the phenomenon where, Knowing that
someone else could help seems to relieve bystanders of personal responsibility, so bystanders do not intervene.
in what scenarios is diffusion of responsibility-LESS likely to occur?
-Emergency is clearly to people
- Victim makes distress evident (e.g., screams)
-Setting does not promote deindividuation
when a meta-analysis of 36 cities was done, what were the 2 strongest predictors that emerged for pro social behaviour??
POPULATION DENSITY
COST OF LIVING
potential helpers in a situation engage in what analysis?
cost-benefit analysis
which among the five big personality traits plays a big role pro-social behaviour?
agreeableness
which includes such dispositional characteristics such as being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, helpful
what are the 2 major characteristics related to the prosocial personality and prosocial behaviour according to the prosocial personality
orientation???
1). other-oriented empathy
2). Helpfulness
The favoritism
shown for helping our blood relatives is called ___________.
kin selection
what 3 things can influence our social judgement?
motivation
mood
desires
what research examines how people react when given an order or a command from someone in a position
of authority?
Obedience research
what research studies how and when people help others.
Bystander intervention research
what does the term counter-anthropomorphism means?
infra humanization /dehumanization
what’s the key element of ethics??
Informed consent
-nature of study
-what will they be expected To do
-potential risks and discomforts
- free to withdraw at any time
-what will happen with the data they provide (can they follow-up and/or ask
any questions that they may have?)
what are the reasons for debriefing not being entirely suffiecient?
Inflicted insight
