chapter 16

Question 1

define personality traits?

Answer 1

they reflect people’s characteristics patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour

Question 2

_________ is the process a psychologist undertakes to determine what someone’s personality is.

Answer 2

personality assessment

Question 3

name the diff measures of personality assessment?

Answer 3

-objective tests(self report measures and informant ratings)
-projective tests
-Implicit tests
-behavioural/performance measures

Question 4

what does personality traits imply?

Answer 4

consistency and stability

Question 5

what idea does trait psychology rests on?

Answer 5

that people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over time and across situations.

Question 6

which is the most widely used system of traits.

Answer 6

Five-factor model “big-five”
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 7

what is personality?

Answer 7

the characteristic ways that people differ from one another

Question 8

acc to “personologists” the best way to differ between individuals is by understanding their ______

Answer 8

personality traits

Question 9

An important feature of personality traits is that they reflect ___________ rather than distinct personality
types.

Answer 9

continuous distributions

Question 10

how many criterias are there to characterize personality traits? NAME THEM

Answer 10

three criteria that are characterize personality traits: (1) consistency (across situations)
(2) stability (over time)
(3) individual differences (variability)

Question 11

what is lexical hypothesis and who used it

Answer 11

gordon all port, Henry odbert
states that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people

Question 12

what techniques were used to determine whether a small number of dimensions might underlie all
of the thousands of words we use to describe people?

Answer 12

statistical techniques

Question 13

what statistical technique was used to develop the five factor model?

Answer 13

factor analysis

Question 14

define BIG FIVE FACTOR MODEL

Answer 14

• Openness varies from curiosity to cautiousness.
• Conscientiousness ranges from organized to careless.
• Extraversion covers outgoing to reserved personalities.
• Agreeableness ranges from compassionate to detached.
• Neuroticism spans from sensitive to confident — reflecting emotional stability.

Question 15

WHY ARE TRAITS IMPORTANT?

Answer 15

because they describe stable patterns of behaviour that persist for long periods of
time

Question 16

more specific,Lower-level units of personality are often called? give ex

Answer 16

facets
ex- extraversion can be broken down into- warmth and gregariousness

Question 17

how are facets useful?

Answer 17

because they provide more specific descriptions of what a person is like

Question 18

what model adds a dimension to the big five and what is it?

Answer 18

HEXACO MODEL of traits (Ashton and lee)
adds Honesty-Humility as a sixth dimension of personality

Question 19

what was the Michelle’s book person-situation about?

Answer 19

power of personality against the power of situational factors as determinants of the behaviour that people exhibit

Question 20

what do u mean by the term Machiavellianism

Answer 20

Named after the famous political philosopher, Nicolo Machiavelli, this trait refers to individuals who manipulate the behaviour of others, often through duplicity. Machiavelians are often interested
in money and power, and pragmatically use others in this quest.

Question 21

Mischel and others argued that it was these ___________that underlie people’s reactions to specific
situations that provide some consistency when situational features are the same.

Answer 21

social-cognitive processes

Question 22

define “need for cognition”

Answer 22

People high in need for cognition find it rewarding to understand things, and are wiling to use considerable cognitive effort in this
quest. Such individuals enjoy learning, and the process of trying to understand new things.

Question 23

define the term Authoritarianism

Answer 23

Authoritarians believe in strict social hierarchie, in which they are totally obedient to those above them, and expect complete obedience from their subordinates. Rigid in adherence to rules, the
authoritarian personality is very uncomfortable with uncertainty.

Question 24

narcissism?

Answer 24

he narcissistic personality has self-love that is so strong that
it results in high levels of vanity, conceit, and selfishness. The
narcissistic individual often has problems feeling empathetic
toward others and grateful to others.

Question 25

define the term “ALEXITHYMIA”

Answer 25

The inability to recognize and label emotions in oneself. The individual also has a difficult time recognizing emotions in others, and often has difficulties in relationships.

Question 26

what is the Mini IPIP scale used for?

Answer 26

widely utilized tool for assessing personality traits based on the Big Five model

Question 27

Self-report personality tests show impressive _______ in relation to a wide range of important outcomes.

Answer 27

validity (construct validity)

Question 28

what are the basic types of objective tests

Answer 28

1) self report measures : asking people to describe themselves.
2) informant ratings:ask someone who knows a person well to describe his/her personality.

Question 29

what are some concerns with self-report measures

Answer 29

1. Hight-stakes testing: situations in which test scores are used to make important decisions about individuals
   (e.g., when applying for a job)
2. Self-enhancement bias:

Question 30

self-ratings are subject to what effect?

Answer 30

reference group effect
that is, we base our self-perceptions, in part, on how we compare to others in our sociocultural reference group
ex. if you tend to work harder than most of your friends, you will see yourself as someone who is relatively conscientious, even if you are not particularly conscientious in any absolute sense.

Question 31

parent ratings often are subject to a ________

Answer 31

sibling contrast effect

Question 32

This tendency for informants to
produce unrealistically positive ratings has been termed the_________ and the _________ when applied to newlyweds

Answer 32

letter of recommendation effect
honeymoon effect