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PSY 121 > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

define stress

A

the physiological and psychological experience of significant life events, trauma, and chronic strain

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2
Q

what does the term general adaptation syndrome given by Selye means?

A

refer to the three distinct phases of physiological change that
occur in response to long-term stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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3
Q

what is PTSD

A

post traumatic stress diorder
a medical syndrome that includes symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares, and social
withdrawal.

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4
Q

define the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. General alarm reaction- body releases stress hormone, including cortisol.
  2. resistance- after a period of chronic stress-body adapts to ongoing threat and tries to return to its normal functions, glucose levels increase to sustain energy and BP increases.

3.Exhaustion- the body lacks energy and immunity. Blood sugar drops, causing low stress tolerance, exhaustion, illness, and collapse. Organs fail, leading to illness or death.

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5
Q

What are the two main physiological systems involved in the body’s stress response?

A

Autonomic nervous system and HPA(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis

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6
Q

What is the role of cortisol in the stress response

A

It releases sugars into the blood to prepare the body to respond to threats

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7
Q

What happens to the immune system when exposed to chronic stress?
a) It becomes stronger and more resilient
b) It becomes less susceptible to diseases
c) It weakens, making the individual more susceptible to illnesses
d) It remains unaffected by stress

A

c) It weakens, making the individual more susceptible to illnesses

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8
Q

how does chronic stress contribute to heart disease?
a) By reducing cortisol levels in the body
b) By lowering blood pressure
c) By increasing blood flow through the arteries
d) By raising blood pressure and causing plaque buildup in arteries

A

d) By raising blood pressure and causing plaque buildup in arteries

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9
Q

Which statement best summarizes the long-term effects of stress on physical health?
a) Short-term stress can be beneficial, but chronic stress can lead to serious health problems.
b) Stress has minimal impact on physical health, primarily affecting mental well-being.
c) Chronic stress improves the body’s ability to heal and respond to threats.
d) Stress only affects individuals emotionally, with no significant physical consequences.

A

a) Short-term stress can be beneficial, but chronic stress can lead to serious health problems.

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10
Q

What physiological response occurs in the body as a result of stress?
a) Increase in activity in the parasympathetic division of the ANS
b) Suppression of cortisol production
c) Activation of the HPA axis
d) Decrease in blood pressure

A

c) Activation of the HPA axis

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11
Q

Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress?
a) Insulin
b) Dopamine
c) Cortisol
d) Thyroxine

A

c) Cortisol

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12
Q

How does chronic stress contribute to heart disease?
a) By reducing blood pressure
b) By decreasing cardiac output
c) By increasing cortisol levels
d) By preventing plaque buildup in arteries

A

c) By increasing cortisol levels

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13
Q

What initiates the HPA response to stress?
a) Epinephrine
b) Cortisol
c) Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
d) Norepinephrine

A

c) Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

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14
Q

What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to stress?
a) Cortisol
b) Epinephrine
c) ACTH
d) Norepinephrine

A

c) ACTH

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15
Q

What role does cortisol play in the body’s response to stress?
a) It decreases blood sugar levels.
b) It inhibits the HPA axis.
c) It increases blood sugar levels.
d) It reduces the release of epinephrine.

A

c) It increases blood sugar levels.

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16
Q

Which gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine during the stress response?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Adrenal gland
c) Pituitary gland
d) Pancreas

A

b) Adrenal gland

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17
Q

name the effects caused by long term stress on the coronary system?

A

1.increases cardiac output (i.e., the
heart pumps more blood)
2. reduces the ability of the blood vessels to conduct blood through
the arteries

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18
Q

what do you mean by stressor?

A

ANY environmental stimulus that has the potential to produce stress

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19
Q

in what conditions can stressor increase illness?

A
  • severely disrupt a person’s life
  • are uncontrollable
  • are chronic (i.e., lasting at least 6 months or more)
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20
Q

Who developed a measure of everyday life events that might lead to stress?
a) Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
b) Hans Selye
c) Glaser
d) Cacioppo

A

a) Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

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21
Q

define the term daily hassles

A

Our everyday interactions with the environment that are essentially negative, known as daily hassles,

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22
Q

What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) used for?
a) To measure physical fitness
b) To assess emotional intelligence
c) To predict the likelihood of illness based on stressful life events
d) To evaluate cognitive abilities

A

c) To predict the likelihood of illness based on stressful life events

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23
Q

What did Glaser (1985) find regarding the immune system functioning of medical students?
a) Their immune system functioning improved during examination periods.
b) Their immune system functioning was not affected by examination periods.
c) Their immune system functioning decreased during examination periods.
d) Their immune system functioning remained constant during examination periods.

A

c) Their immune system functioning decreased during examination periods.

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24
Q

What did Cacioppo et al. (1998) find regarding the impact of minor stressors on the immune system?
a) Minor stressors had no effect on the immune system.
b) Minor stressors significantly improved immune system functioning.
c) Minor stressors compromised the immune system.
d) Minor stressors boosted the immune system.

A

c) Minor stressors compromised the immune system.

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25
Q

define the term fight-or-flight response ?

A

an emotional and behavioural reaction to stress that increases the readiness for action.

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26
Q

define the term tend-and-befriend response

A

is a behavioural reaction to stress
that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats.

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27
Q

What is the strongest predictor of a physiological stress response from daily hassles?
a) Gender differences
b) The amount of negative emotion evoked
c) Personality characteristics
d) The presence of social networks

A

b) The amount of negative emotion evoked

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28
Q

What is the fight-or-flight response triggered by in men?
a) Activation of the HPA axis
b) Release of oxytocin
c) Strong negative emotions
d) Social networks

A

a) Activation of the HPA axis

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29
Q

What is the tend-and-befriend response triggered by in women?
a) Activation of the HPA axis
b) Release of oxytocin
c) Strong negative emotions
d) Social networks

A

b) Release of oxytocin

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30
Q

Why is the tend-and-befriend response considered healthier than the fight-or-flight response?
a) It produces elevated levels of cortisol.
b) It leads to increased aggression.
c) It promotes affiliation and social support.
d) It triggers the release of adrenaline.

A

c) It promotes affiliation and social support.

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31
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for managing stress?
a) Suppressing negative emotions
b) Expressing negative thoughts and feelings
c) Ignoring stressors
d) Interpreting stress as a challenge

A

c) Ignoring stressors

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32
Q

What did James Pennebaker and his colleagues find regarding the expression of emotions?
a) It has no impact on mental and physical health.
b) It leads to increased stress levels.
c) It provides substantial health benefits.
d) It only benefits physical health, not mental health.

A

c) It provides substantial health benefits.

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33
Q

why is interpreting stress as a challenge beneficial?
a) It leads to fewer physiological stress responses.
b) It increases the likelihood of experiencing negative emotions.
c) It prevents individuals from seeking social support.
d) It causes a sense of loss of control over one’s life.

A

a) It leads to fewer physiological stress responses.

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34
Q

define the term emotional regulation?

A

The ability to successfully control our emotions is known as
emotion regulation.

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35
Q

What is emotion regulation?
a) The ability to express emotions freely
b) The ability to control and manage emotions
c) The ability to ignore emotions
d) The ability to avoid emotional experiences

A

b) The ability to control and manage emotions

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36
Q

How did Walter Mischel study emotion regulation in children?
a) By observing their behaviour in social situations
b) By conducting experiments with snacks and rewards
c) By analyzing their brain activity using neuroimaging techniques
d) By assessing their emotional intelligence through questionnaires

A

b) By conducting experiments with snacks and rewards

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37
Q

What role does serotonin play in emotion regulation?
a) It has no influence on emotion regulation
b) It reduces impulsive behaviours
c) It increases violent tendencies
d) It enhances emotional responses

A

b) It reduces impulsive behaviours

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38
Q

What did Muraven, Tice, and Baumeister’s study demonstrate?
a) Emotion regulation consumes mental resources
b) Emotion regulation has no impact on physical strength
c) Emotion regulation is effortless and automatic
d) Emotion regulation leads to increased physical strength

A

a) Emotion regulation consumes mental resources

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39
Q

How do socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities related to stress?
a) They have no impact on stress-related health outcomes.
b) They create inequalities based on gender, race, marital status, and social class.
c) They uniformly affect all individuals regardless of their demographic characteristics.
d) They decrease the likelihood of experiencing stress.

A

b) They create inequalities based on gender, race, marital status, and social class.

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40
Q

What is recommended in terms of coping with stress based on the findings discussed?
a) Increasing individual mastery and self-esteem.
b) Focusing solely on micro-level interventions.
c) Ignoring structural conditions contributing to stress.
d) Avoiding support interventions and education.

A

a) Increasing individual mastery and self-esteem.

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41
Q

What is emphasized as a target for programs and policies addressing stress?
a) Providing support interventions to individuals.
b) Ignoring children’s exposure to poverty and stressful circumstances.
c) Targeting only those individuals directly affected by stress.
d) Addressing structural conditions putting people at risk of stressors.

A

d) Addressing structural conditions putting people at risk of stressors.

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42
Q

What triggers the “fight-or-flight response” in the human body?
a) Increased levels of adrenaline
b) Perceived threats
c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Regular physical activity

A

b) Perceived threats

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43
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the body during the stress response?
a) It boosts energy supplies.
b) It suppresses the immune system.
c) It enhances digestive functions.
d) It decreases heart rate.

A

b) It suppresses the immune system.

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44
Q

How does the body’s stress-response system typically react once a perceived threat has passed?
a) Hormone levels remain elevated indefinitely.
b) Adrenaline and cortisol levels return to normal.
c) Heart rate and blood pressure increase further.
d) The digestive system becomes hyperactive.

A

b) Adrenaline and cortisol levels return to normal.

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45
Q

What are some potential mental health problems associated with long-term exposure to stress?
a) Weight gain and memory impairment
b) Anxiety and depression
c) Digestive problems and heart disease
d) Sleep problems and post-traumatic stress disorder

A

b) Anxiety and depression

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46
Q

What percentage of surveyed individuals reported high levels of perceived stress according to the Canadian Mental Health Association?
a) 25%
b) 41%
c) 50%
d) 75%

A

b) 41%

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47
Q

How has the physical and mental health of Canadian employees changed over time according to the Canadian Mental Health Association?
a) Both have improved.
b) Both have deteriorated.
c) Physical health has improved, but mental health has deteriorated.
d) Mental health has improved, but physical health has deteriorated.

A

b) Both have deteriorated.

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48
Q

enlist the mental and physical health
problems due to subsequent overexposure to cortisol and other stress hormones

A
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Digestive problems
  • Heart disease
  • Sleep problems
  • Weight gain
  • Memory and concentration impairment
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
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49
Q

What determines the level of stress experienced by an individual?
a) Biological factors
b) Cultural background
c) Perception and appraisal of events
d) Socioeconomic status

A

c) Perception and appraisal of events

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50
Q

What influences an individual’s appraisal of stress-inducing events?
a) Physical health
b) Childhood experiences
c) Socioeconomic status
d) Various factors like gender, personality, and context

A

d) Various factors like gender, personality, and context

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51
Q

how does one person’s perception of stress differ from another’s?
a) Due to genetic factors
b) Based on educational background
c) Influenced by individual differences and circumstances
d) Determined by cultural norms

A

c) Influenced by individual differences and circumstances

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52
Q

What concept did Hans Selye introduce to describe stress that could be potentially beneficial to an individual’s well-being?
a) Distress
b) Eudaimonia
c) Eustress
d) Dysfunction

A

c) Eustress

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53
Q

According to Selye, what determines whether a stressor is interpreted as eustress or dystress?
a) The intensity of the stressor
b) The individual’s perception and interpretation
c) The duration of the stressor
d) The external circumstances causing the stressor

A

b) The individual’s perception and interpretation

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54
Q

the research conducted by Hanton and colleagues, what was the focus of their study regarding high-performance athletes?
a) The effect of physical conditioning on athletic performance
b) The relationship between anxiety and depression in athletes
c) The interpretation of stress and anxiety symptoms in competitive situations
d) The impact of nutrition on athletic recovery

A

c) The interpretation of stress and anxiety symptoms in competitive situations

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55
Q

What did the researchers conclude regarding the impact of anxiety interpretation on athletic performance?
a) The intensity of anxiety symptoms is the most crucial factor affecting performance.
b) Emotional and somatic anxiety experiences have a negligible impact on performance.
c) The direction of anxiety interpretation, whether positive or negative, can significantly influence performance.
d) Athletes with high levels of anxiety always perform better than those with low levels of anxiety.

A

c) The direction of anxiety interpretation, whether positive or negative, can significantly influence performance.

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56
Q

Stress can enhance an individual’s _________ or _________.

A

resilience, hardiness

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57
Q

what was the hardiness theoretical model about?

A

first presented by Kobasa (1979) and illustrates resilient stress response
patterns in individuals and groups.

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58
Q

what is the inverted U hypothesis about?

A

asserts that, up to a point, stress can be growth inducing but that there is a turning or tipping point when stress just becomes too much and begins to become debilitative

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59
Q

What concept was first presented by Kobasa in 1979 to illustrate resilient stress response patterns?
a) Stress-Induced Growth
b) Psychological Hardiness
c) Resilience Theory
d) Stress-Related Development

A

b) Psychological Hardiness

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60
Q

According to Bartone (1999), what are the elements included in psychological hardiness?
a) Calmness, Serenity, Tranquility
b) Adaptability, Flexibility, Open-mindedness
c) Commitment, Control, Challenge
d) Avoidance, Denial, Disengagement

A

c) Commitment, Control, Challenge

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61
Q

What distinguishes individuals with a hardy style of functioning from those who develop stress-related problems?
a) Their ability to avoid stress altogether
b) Their susceptibility to stress-related illnesses
c) Their resilience and ability to cope with stress
d) Their tendency to seek external help for stress management

A

c) Their resilience and ability to cope with stress

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62
Q

what does the inverted U hypothesis suggest about stress and growth?
a) Stress always leads to growth without any negative consequences.
b) Stress is never growth-inducing and always leads to debilitation.
c) Stress can be growth-inducing up to a certain point, beyond which it becomes debilitative.
d) Stress-induced growth occurs in a linear fashion with no tipping point.

A

c) Stress can be growth-inducing up to a certain point, beyond which it becomes debilitative.

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63
Q

What influences the outcome of stress, according to the passage?
a) The level of stress experienced
b) Biological factors such as genetics
c) The person’s interpretation of stress
d) External environmental factors

A

c) The person’s interpretation of stress

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64
Q

define the three elements of hardiness.

A

COMMITMENT- tendency to see the world as interesting and meaningful.

CONTROL- is the belief in one’s own ability to control or influence events

CHALLENGE- involves seeing change and new experiences as exciting opportunities to learn and develop

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65
Q

What does anxiety direction refer to?
a) The intensity of stress experienced by an individual
b) The physical symptoms associated with stress
c) An individual’s interpretation of the stress experience
d) The duration of stress experienced by an individual

A

c) An individual’s interpretation of the stress experience

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66
Q

what are the 3 concepts that describe stress according to GAS(general adaptation syndrome) given by Hans selye

A
  1. Stress is a defensive mechanism.
  2. Stress follows the three stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
  3. If the stress is prolonged or severe, it could result in diseases of adaptation or even death.
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67
Q

What did Hans Selye initially propose in his stress response model?
a) Stress is solely a psychological construct
b) Stress consists of two stages: alarm and exhaustion
c) Stress is a physiological response pattern with three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
d) Stress results only in negative outcomes

A

c) Stress is a physiological response pattern with three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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68
Q

What concept did Hans Selye introduce to describe stress as a response in his model?
a) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
b) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
c) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
d) Panic Disorder

A

c) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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69
Q

How does the stress response model incorporate coping mechanisms?
a) Coping mechanisms are not considered in the model
b) Coping mechanisms are only relevant during the alarm stage
c) Coping mechanisms are inherent to the alarm and resistance stages
d) Coping mechanisms are only relevant during the exhaustion stage

A

c) Coping mechanisms are inherent to the alarm and resistance stages

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70
Q

What did Holmes and Rahe create to measure stress as a stimulus?
a) General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
b) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
c) Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS)
d) Life Events Inventory (LEI)

A

b) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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71
Q

According to the stress as stimulus theory, what assumption is made about life events?
a) They have no impact on health.
b) They demand different levels of adjustment across the population.
c) They always result in illness beyond a certain threshold.
d) They are interpreted uniformly by everyone.

A

b) They demand different levels of adjustment across the population.

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72
Q

what are the assumptions made by the stress and stimulus theory?

A
  1. Change is inherently stressful.
  2. Life events demand the same levels of adjustment across the population.
  3. There is a common threshold of adjustment beyond which illness will result.
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73
Q

Who developed the transactional theory of stress and coping?
a) Hans Selye
b) Richard Lazarus
c) Susan Kobasa
d) Salvatore Maddi

A

b) Richard Lazarus

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74
Q

What does hardiness refer to in the context of stress?
a) A pattern of personality characteristics associated with health problems
b) A pattern of personality characteristics associated with remaining healthy under stress
c) A physiological response pattern to stressors
d) A cognitive appraisal of stressors

A

b) A pattern of personality characteristics associated with remaining healthy under stress

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75
Q

what is the transactional theory of
stress and coping (TTSC) about?

A

presents stress as a product of a transaction between a person (including multiple systems: cognitive, physiological, affective, psychological, neurological) and his or her
complex environment

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76
Q

What did Lazarus emphasize in his book “Psychological Stress and the Coping Process”?
a) The importance of physical health in dealing with stress
b) The central role of a person’s appraisal of a stressor in the stress experience
c) The significance of external factors in coping with stress
d) The role of medication in stress management

A

b) The central role of a person’s appraisal of a stressor in the stress experience

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77
Q

According to Lazarus, what determines how individuals cope with or respond to a stressor?
a) Their physical fitness level
b) Their primary appraisal of the stressor
c) Their secondary appraisal of the stressor
d) Their level of social media engagement

A

b) Their primary appraisal of the stressor

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78
Q

What does primary appraisal involve in Lazarus’s model of stress appraisal?
a) Evaluating the effectiveness of coping mechanisms
b) Determining whether the stressor poses a threat
c) Identifying external resources for dealing with stress
d) Reevaluating the nature of the stressor

A

b) Determining whether the stressor poses a threat

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79
Q

In Lazarus’s model, what does secondary appraisal entail?
a) Assessing the severity of the stressor
b) Evaluating one’s emotional response to the stressor
c) Determining the adequacy of coping resources available
d) Reflecting on past experiences with similar stressors

A

c) Determining the adequacy of coping resources available

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80
Q

what is involved in the process of reappraisal?
a) Reevaluating the nature of the stressor and available coping resources
b) Seeking external assistance to deal with the stressor
c) Ignoring the stressor and hoping it goes away on its own
d) Indulging in unhealthy coping mechanisms to alleviate stress

A

a) Reevaluating the nature of the stressor and available coping resources

81
Q

Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
unpacked the concept of interpretation further in their model of stress appraisal, which includes what components?

A

primary, secondary,
and reappraisal components

82
Q

define primary appraisal

A

involves determining whether the stressor poses a threat.

83
Q

secondary appraisal

A

involves the individual’s evaluation of the resources or coping strategies at his or her disposal for addressing any perceived threats

84
Q

define the process of reappraisal

A

The process of reappraisal is
ongoing and involves continually reappraising both the nature of the stressor and the resources available for responding to the stressor.

85
Q

what are the coping strategies given by Folkman & Lazarus for stress coping.

A

problem-focused coping
emotion-focused coping

86
Q

what is the difference between emotion focused coping and problem focused coping

A

emotion focused coping- If the individual does not believe he or she has the capacity to respond to the
challenge or feels a lack of control, he or she is most likely to turn to an emotion-focused coping response such as wishful thinking (e.g., I wish that I could change what is happening or how I feel), distancing (e.g., I’ll try to forget the
whole thing), or emphasizing the positive (e.g., I’ll just look for the silver lining)

problem-focused coping- If the person has the resources to manage the challenge, he or she will usually develop a problem-focused coping response such as analysis (e.g., I try to analyze the problem in order to understand it better; I’m making a plan of action and following
it).

87
Q

What is the primary focus of stress management techniques, as described in the passage?
a) Inducing a permanent decrease in stress levels
b) Temporarily reducing stress levels to compensate biological tissues
c) Avoiding stressors altogether
d) Ignoring the stress response entirely

A

b) Temporarily reducing stress levels to compensate biological tissues

88
Q

According to Lazarus and Folkman, what determines whether an individual employs problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies?
a) The severity of the stressor
b) The individual’s primary appraisal of the stressor
c) The individual’s cultural background
d) The availability of resources for coping

A

b) The individual’s primary appraisal of the stressor

89
Q

How does Lazarus extend the transactional theory of stress and coping in his work with the university soccer team?
a) By introducing a new classification of coping strategies
b) By proposing a cyclical process of primary and secondary appraisal
c) By advocating for a complete avoidance of stressors
d) By recommending passive coping strategies for all situations

A

b) By proposing a cyclical process of primary and secondary appraisal

90
Q

What coping strategy is typically employed when an individual perceives a lack of control over a stressor?
a) Problem-focused coping
b) Emotion-focused coping
c) Avoidance coping
d) Denial coping

A

b) Emotion-focused coping

91
Q

According to the passage, what effect does the acceptance of a lack of control over a stressor have on an individual’s coping response?
a) It leads to increased anxiety and avoidance coping.
b) It shifts the focus to problem-solving and goal achievement.
c) It causes individuals to ignore the stressor altogether.
d) It results in a fixation on increasing control over the stressor.

A

b) It shifts the focus to problem-solving and goal achievement.

92
Q

what is the belief of a person with internal locus of control?

A

believes that their achievements and outcomes are determined by their own decisions and efforts.
if they do not exceed, believe it is due to their own lack of effort.

93
Q

what is the belief of a person with external locus of control?

A

believes that achievements and outcomes are determined by fate, luck, or other.
if do not succeed, believes that it it sue to external forces outside person’s control

94
Q

define self efficacy

A

the extent or strength of one’s
belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals.

95
Q

describe stress-related growth?.

A

dispositional response to stress that enables the individual to
see opportunities for growth as opposed to threat or debilitation

96
Q

Which of the following best defines sense of coherence according to Antonovsky?
a) A belief in one’s ability to accomplish tasks and goals.
b) An enduring feeling of confidence in the predictability and manageability of life’s challenges.
c) A psychological state characterized by a sense of vitality and learning at work.
d) A dispositional response to stress leading to personal growth and strength.

A

b) An enduring feeling of confidence in the predictability and manageability of life’s challenges.

97
Q

Albert Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy differs from self-confidence in that it:
a) Reflects one’s ability to adapt to stressors.
b) Is a trait measure rather than a state measure.
c) Involves believing in one’s capacity to complete tasks and achieve goals.
d) Is primarily concerned with understanding external environmental factors.

A

d) Is primarily concerned with understanding external environmental factors.

98
Q

Stress-related growth, as described in the passage, involves:
a) Perceiving threats as opportunities for personal development.
b) Experiencing debilitation and decreased performance under stress.
c) Thriving and learning from adverse experiences.
d) Blaming external factors for one’s failures and setbacks.

A

c) Thriving and learning from adverse experiences.

99
Q

What was observed at the five-year follow-up in terms of survival rates among melanoma patients?
a) The experimental group had higher mortality rates compared to the control group.
b) Both the experimental and control groups had similar mortality rates.
c) More participants from the control group survived compared to the experimental group.
d) Longer survival was associated with more active coping at baseline.

A

d) Longer survival was associated with more active coping at baseline.

100
Q

name the different ways Stress has been conceived

A

as a response, stimulus and as a transaction

101
Q

Which stress model considers stress as a physiological dependent variable?
a) Stress as response
b) Stress as stimulus
c) Stress as transaction
d) Stress as transaction

A

a) Stress as response

102
Q

which stress model treats stress as a life event or change acting as an independent variable?
a) Stress as response
b) Stress as stimulus
c) Stress as transaction
d) Stress as interaction

A

b) Stress as stimulus

103
Q

Which stress model considers various personal, social, and environmental factors in determining the nature and impact of stress?
a) Stress as response
b) Stress as stimulus
c) Stress as transaction
d) Stress as interaction

A

c) Stress as transaction

104
Q

health psychology relies on what model and define it?

A

Biopsychosocial Model of
Health; This model posits that biology, psychology, and social
factors are just as important in the development of disease as
biological causes (e.g., germs, viruses)

105
Q

What is health psychology primarily focused on?
a) Treating physical illnesses
b) Understanding the role of psychology in maintaining health and preventing illness
c) Developing new medical technologies
d) Studying the biology of diseases

A

b

106
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in the Biopsychosocial Model of Health?
a) Biology
b) Psychology
c) Social factors
d) Environmental factors

A

d

107
Q

How do health psychologists contribute to improving health practices?
a) By conducting medical research
b) By prescribing medication
c) By teaching stress reduction techniques and promoting healthy behaviors
d) By performing surgeries

A

c

108
Q

Which field explores how psychological factors can influence physiology?
a) Psychosomatic medicine
b) Pharmacology
c) Neurology
d) Radiology

A

a

109
Q

what is one outcome of exposure to stressors, regardless of their nature?
a) Decreased blood pressure
b) Enhanced immune system function
c) Suppressed immune system function
d) Reduced physiological arousal

A

c) Suppressed immune system function

110
Q

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome proposed by Selye?
a) A model of stress response involving the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
b) A theory of immune system function in response to stressors
c) A treatment approach for post-traumatic stress disorder
d) A method for measuring stress levels in laboratory settings

A

a

111
Q

Which term did Selye coin to describe a stimulus that leads to physiological arousal and health problems?
a) Stress response
b) General Adaptation Syndrome
c) Stressor
d) Psychological arousal

A

c

112
Q

What concept, involves beliefs in one’s ability to accomplish tasks and reach goals?
a) Coping
b) Control and Self-Efficacy
c) Social Relationships
d) Dispositions and Emotions

A

b) Control and Self-Efficacy

113
Q

which term refers to the ability to effectively manage challenges and difficulties?
a) Coping
b) Control and Self-Efficacy
c) Social Relationships
d) Dispositions and Emotions

A

a) Coping

114
Q

Which factor focuses on the influence of one’s personality traits and emotional states on health?
a) Coping
b) Control and Self-Efficacy
c) Dispositions and Emotions
d) Stress Management

A

c) Dispositions and Emotions

115
Q

Which of the following factors is NOT studied by health psychologists in terms of their ability to protect health?
a) Coping
b) Control and Self-Efficacy
c) Genetic predisposition
d) Social Relationships

A

c) Genetic predisposition

116
Q

which factor directly addresses the ability to regulate stress levels?
a) Coping
b) Control and Self-Efficacy
c) Social Relationships
d) Stress Management

A

d) Stress Management

117
Q

what are the 5 factors often studies in terms of their ability to protect health, when considering the issues of health are?

A
  1. Coping
  2. Control and Self-Efficacy
  3. Social Relationships
  4. Dispositions and Emotions
  5. Stress Management
118
Q

In which situation might emotion-focused coping be more beneficial ?
a) When events are controllable
b) When events are predictable
c) When events are uncontrollable
d) When events are temporary

A

c) When events are uncontrollable

119
Q

What factor tied to better health outcomes involves having the belief that one has control over a situation?
a) Coping efficacy
b) Emotional control
c) Self-efficacy
d) Emotional regulation

A

c) Self-efficacy

120
Q

what benefit did older residents in assisted living facilities experience when given control over simple tasks?
a) Improved sleep quality
b) Reduced stress hormone levels
c) Increased medication adherence
d) Enhanced social interaction

A

b) Reduced stress hormone levels

121
Q

what is the impact of social isolation on our health compared to regular smoking?
a) Social isolation has a greater impact on health than regular smoking.
b) Social isolation has a similar impact on health as regular smoking.
c) Regular smoking has a greater impact on health than social isolation.
d) Social isolation has no impact on health compared to regular smoking.

A

b) Social isolation has a similar impact on health as regular smoking.

122
Q

What physiological system do some scientists believe encourages individuals to seek out social relationships, especially during times of stress?
a) The immune system
b) The nervous system
c) The endocrine system
d) The social integration system

A

d) The social integration system

123
Q

What concept is used to describe the number of social roles an individual has and the lack of isolation?
a) Social isolation
b) Social integration
c) Social support
d) Social cohesion

A

b) Social integration

124
Q

How can maintaining different social roles improve health?
a) By increasing stress levels
b) By decreasing the need for social support
c) By encouraging unhealthy behaviors
d) By providing encouragement to maintain a healthy lifestyle

A

d) By providing encouragement to maintain a healthy lifestyle

125
Q

What types of support might individuals receive from their social network?
a) Emotional help, but not tangible help or advice
b) Tangible help, but not emotional help or advice
c) Emotional help, tangible help, and advice
d) Advice, but not emotional or tangible help

A

c) Emotional help, tangible help, and advice

126
Q

How can social relationships impact individuals with serious illnesses, according to the passage?
a) They have no impact on individuals with serious illnesses.
b) They can worsen the prognosis of serious illnesses.
c) They can help individuals stay alive longer.
d) They can increase stress levels in individuals with serious illnesses.

A

c) They can help individuals stay alive longer.

127
Q

What common behavioral and psychological patterns were discovered among heart patients in the 1950s by two cardiologists?
a) Introversion and social withdrawal
b) Hostility and competitiveness
c) Empathy and compassion
d) Relaxed and laid-back demeanor

A

b) Hostility and competitiveness

128
Q

What is a characteristic of hostile individuals that contributes to heart damage?
a) A lack of social network
b) A tendency to feel happy or excited
c) Quickness to get upset and experience angry arousal
d) High levels of optimism

A

c) Quickness to get upset and experience angry arousal

129
Q

Which component of Type A Behavior has been found to be especially harmful to heart health?
a) Impatience
b) Competitiveness
c) Hostility
d) Time urgency

A

c) Hostility

130
Q

What has optimism been shown to predict in terms of disease outcomes?
a) Slower recovery from heart attacks
b) Increased risk of heart disease
c) Higher likelihood of developing chronic illnesses
d) Better disease outcomes such as faster recovery from heart attacks

A

d) Better disease outcomes such as faster recovery from heart attacks

131
Q

what is the difference b/w TYPE A BEHAVIOUR AND TYPE B BEHAVIOUR?

A

TYPE A- competitive, impatient, hostile, and time urgent,Motivational (achievement-oriented, competitive), Cognitive (environmental control is a necessity) (2x risk of heart disease as compared to type b)

TYPE B- positive
emotions (e.g., feeling happy or excited), patient, easygoing, move, and talk more slowly

132
Q

How do positive emotions serve as an “antidote” to stress?
a) By exacerbating the damaging effects of stress
b) By reducing the likelihood of developing stress-related illnesses
c) By protecting against some of the damaging effects of stress
d) By increasing the risk of heart disease

A

c) By protecting against some of the damaging effects of stress

133
Q

Which age group reports the highest levels of stress?
a) 18–33 year-olds
b) 34–49 year-olds
c) 50–65 year-olds
d) Over 65 year-olds

A

a) 18–33 year-olds

134
Q

What is a technique used to reduce physiological arousal from stress by providing individuals with bodily information not normally available to them?
a) Relaxation activities
b) Biofeedback
c) Exercise
d) Meditation

A

b) Biofeedback

135
Q

what is a popular stress reduction activity that also has numerous health benefits?
a) Meditation
b) Biofeedback
c) Smoking
d) Exercise

A

d) Exercise

136
Q

What term is used to describe behaviors that can either improve or harm one’s health?
a) Health behaviors
b) Health habits
c) Risk factors
d) Protective habits

A

a) Health behaviors

137
Q

What is the primary focus of health promotion efforts ?
a) Encouraging individuals to engage in unhealthy behaviors
b) Spreading knowledge on existing genetic risks
c) Enabling individuals to improve health by focusing on behaviors posing a risk for future illness
d) Ignoring existing risk factors and genetic predispositions

A

c) Enabling individuals to improve health by focusing on behaviors posing a risk for future illness

138
Q

What type of technology has been shown to improve treatment adherence and outcomes in depression, smoking cessation, and weight loss?
a) Telepathy
b) Virtual reality
c) Mobile technology
d) Robotics

A

c) Mobile technology

139
Q

What is the primary responsibility of clinical health psychologists?
a) Diagnosing illnesses
b) Conducting surgeries
c) Evaluating physical, personal, and environmental factors contributing to illness
d) Prescribing medications

A

c) Evaluating physical, personal, and environmental factors contributing to illness

140
Q

What is the focus of the proposed field of “Positive Health,” according to Seligman?
a) Studying factors that confer resilience and protection from disease
b) Focusing on illness prevention
c) Exploring the effects of negative emotions on health
d) Studying the causes of chronic illnesses

A

a) Studying factors that confer resilience and protection from disease

141
Q

What percentage of diabetic patients failed to get proper medical care that would prevent or slow down diabetes-related blindness in one study?
a) Over one third
b) One fourth
c) Half
d) Two thirds

A

a) Over one third

142
Q

Who is credited with starting the positive psychology movement?
a) Norman Vincent Peale
b) Rhonda Byrne
c) Martin Seligman
d) Chris Peterson

A

c) Martin Seligman

143
Q

What is the primary focus of positive psychology?
a) Identifying and remedying human ills
b) Decreasing maladaptive emotions
c) Enhancing human strengths and virtues
d) Focusing on negative aspects of human functioning

A

c) Enhancing human strengths and virtues

144
Q

What is the Values in Action (VIA) classification of strengths?
a) A tool used in traditional psychology for diagnosing mental disorders
b) An approach to fixing deficits in human functioning
c) A method of identifying and measuring positive human strengths
d) A framework for studying negative emotions

A

c) A method of identifying and measuring positive human strengths

145
Q

name the core virtues that emerged from the analysis conducted by Peterson and Seligman representing fundamental aspects of positive human character and behaviour

A

Courage
Justice
Humanity
Temperance
Transcendence
Wisdom

146
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the core virtues identified by Peterson and Seligman?
a) Courage
b) Justice
c) Love
d) Wisdom

A

c) Love

147
Q

Which strength was found to be most associated with positive life satisfaction worldwide?
a) Kindness
b) Gratitude
c) Curiosity
d) Fairness

A

b) Gratitude

148
Q

What is the primary focus of positive psychology?
a) Identifying and remedying human ills
b) Decreasing maladaptive emotions and behaviors
c) Enhancing human strengths, virtues, and talents
d) Ignoring positive and optimal functioning

A

c) Enhancing human strengths, virtues, and talents

149
Q

Who is credited with starting the positive psychology movement?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Carl Rogers
d) Martin Seligman

A

d) Martin Seligman

150
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a core topic within positive psychology?
a) Happiness
b) Resiliency
c) Depression
d) Well-being

A

c) Depression

151
Q

What is forgiveness primarily associated with in relationships?
a) Resentment and hate
b) Guilt and self-loathing
c) Healing and restoration
d) Retaliation and revenge

A

c) Healing and restoration

152
Q

According to research, what are the benefits of practicing gratitude?
a) Increased anxiety and depression
b) Decreased social support
c) Reduced blood pressure
d) Shorter life expectancy

A

c) Reduced blood pressure

153
Q

What is humility characterized by?
a) Arrogance and superiority
b) Overestimation of one’s abilities
c) Accurate assessment of one’s abilities and limitations
d) Closed-mindedness and resistance to new ideas

A

c) Accurate assessment of one’s abilities and limitations

154
Q

Which statement best describes the relationship between humility and success?
a) Humility is associated with failure and inferiority.
b) Humble individuals are less likely to flourish in life.
c) Successful people are typically arrogant and egotistical.
d) Humility is positively associated with academic and professional success.

A

d) Humility is positively associated with academic and professional success.

155
Q

What is one of the key benefits associated with practicing gratitude?
a) Increased levels of stress and anxiety
b) Improved sleep quality
c) Reduced levels of empathy
d) Decreased social connections

A

b) Improved sleep quality

156
Q

How is gratitude measured in research studies?
a) Through physical health assessments
b) Using gratitude journals and questionnaires
c) By analyzing financial status
d) Through observation of social interactions

A

b) Using gratitude journals and questionnaires

157
Q

name the three key strengths that have been the focus of sustained research programs
within positive psychology

A

forgiveness
gratitude
humility

158
Q

Who is credited with studying how rats responded to stressful situations and describing the general adaptation syndrome?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Rogers
c) Hans Selye
d) Ivan Pavlov

A

c) Hans Selye

159
Q

How does an individual’s perception of a stressor influence their experience of stress?
a) It has no impact on their stress experience
b) It always leads to a facilitative stress response
c) It can lead to a debilitative or facilitative stress response
d) It only affects their physiological stress response

A

c) It can lead to a debilitative or facilitative stress response

160
Q

Which area of psychology examines the intersection of psychology and health?
a) Cognitive psychology
b) Social psychology
c) Health psychology
d) Developmental psychology

A

c) Health psychology

161
Q

What is the primary focus of positive psychology?
a) Identifying and treating mental disorders
b) Exploring the negative aspects of human behavior
c) Examining strengths and virtues that contribute to successful functioning
d) Analyzing the impact of trauma on psychological well-being

A

c) Examining strengths and virtues that contribute to successful functioning

162
Q

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key strength within positive psychology?
a) Resilience
b) Forgiveness
c) Ambition
d) Gratitude

A

c) Ambition

163
Q

What is the main finding regarding happiness and satisfaction according to research in positive psychology?
a) Most people are unhappy due to life stressors
b) Happiness is not correlated with overall life satisfaction
c) Having meaning in life is more important than pleasure
d) Pleasure always leads to long-term satisfaction

A

c) Having meaning in life is more important than pleasure

164
Q

What is one of the benefits associated with practicing gratitude?
a) Increased levels of stress
b) Decreased empathy
c) Improved well-being and deeper life experiences
d) Higher levels of anxiety

A

c) Improved well-being and deeper life experiences

165
Q

critiques of life event scales?

A
  1. Tend to focus on major life events (e.g., pregnancy, divorce,
    sexual assault, STIs, etc.)
  2. Limited insight into daily hassles
  3. Limited insight into daily uplifts
166
Q

define the term daily uplifts

A

the pleasant and satisfying events that we commonly experience
* serve as emotional buffers which safeguard us

167
Q

full form of CUSS?

A

College Undergraduate Student Stress Scale (CUSS)
measured major life events

168
Q

true or false
Hostility is more hazardous than a
heavy workload

A

true

169
Q

what is the psychology of social class?

A

a branch of psychology dedicated to understanding how social class affects individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

170
Q

how is classisim defined?

A

defined as;
-The institutional, cultural, and individual set of practices and beliefs that assign differential value to people according to their socioeconomic class;

-an economic system that creates excessive inequality and causes basic human needs to go unmet.

-It involves individual’s attitudes and behaviours, systems of policies and practices that benefit the upper-class at the expense of the lower class

171
Q

what does it means by internalized classism,?

A

refers to the internalization of societal beliefs, values, and stereotypes about social class, leading individuals to accept and perpetuate class-based discrimination and inequality, both towards themselves and others.

172
Q

what are the 2 ways that internalized classism is classified into?

A

internalized subordination and internalized dominance

173
Q

define internalized subordination

A

Acceptance and justification of classism by working-class and poorer people, such as feelings of inferiority to higher-class people (when, where?), hostility and blame toward other working-class or poor people, and beliefs that classist institutions/policies are fair

174
Q

define internalized domination

A

Feelings of superiority over people lower on the class spectrum than oneself; a sense of entitlement, and rationalizations of classist policies and institutions on the part of the middle class and people on the upper end of the class spectrum

175
Q

What is internalized classism?
a) Externalized beliefs about social class
b) Acceptance and perpetuation of class-based discrimination
c) Rejection of societal stereotypes about social class
d) Resistance to socioeconomic inequality

A

b) Acceptance and perpetuation of class-based discrimination

176
Q

Which of the following best describes internalized subordination?
a) Belief in the fairness of classist policies
b) Hostility towards individuals of higher socioeconomic status
c) Feelings of inferiority and self-doubt among lower-class individuals
d) Sense of entitlement and privilege among upper-class individuals

A

c) Feelings of inferiority and self-doubt among lower-class individuals

177
Q

Internalized dominance is characterized by:
a) Acceptance of one’s own social class as fair and justified
b) Empathy and understanding across class lines
c) Rejection of entitlement and privilege
d) Belief in the inherent worth and capabilities of lower-class individuals

A

a) Acceptance of one’s own social class as fair and justified

178
Q

How can internalized classism be addressed?
a) Reinforcing social hierarchies and inequality
b) Challenging ingrained beliefs and attitudes about social class
c) Promoting empathy and understanding across class lines
d) Advocating for policies that perpetuate socioeconomic disparities

A

b) Challenging ingrained beliefs and attitudes about social class

179
Q

In Anglo-American social science, what are the three key variables customarily used to establish belongingness to a social class?
a) Age, gender, and ethnicity
b) Level of education, occupational prestige, and income
c) Political affiliation, religious beliefs, and marital status
d) Health status, geographic location, and family size

A

b) Level of education, occupational prestige, and income

180
Q

What is one criterion used to assess societal fairness?
a) Level of education
b) Level of social mobility
c) Occupational prestige
d) Ethnicity

A

b) Level of social mobility

181
Q

Which of the following is NOT an observable attribute shaped by social class?
a) Behaviours
b) Dialects
c) Gender
d) Tastes

A

c) Gender

182
Q

How does social class influence social interactions?
a) It has no impact on social interactions
b) It determines one’s level of education
c) It shapes observable attributes, such as behaviours and accents
d) It only affects income level

A

c) It shapes observable attributes, such as behaviours and accents

183
Q

How is social class experienced subjectively?
a) Only at a societal level
b) Only in specific contexts
c) Both at a societal level and in context-specific manners
d) It is not subjectively experienced

A

c) Both at a societal level and in context-specific manners

184
Q

How does chronic lack of resources affect individuals’ physiological response?
a) It decreases sympathetic nervous system activation
b) It leads to decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
c) It triggers a heightened threat response and chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system
d) It has no impact on allostatic load

A

c) It triggers a heightened threat response and chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system

185
Q

What is the consequence of chronic stress on morbidity and mortality?
a) Decreased morbidity but increased mortality
b) Increased morbidity and mortality
c) Decreased allostatic load
d) No significant impact on health outcomes

A

b) Increased morbidity and mortality

186
Q

What does status-based identity refer to?
a) The subjective meaning and value people attach to their own socioeconomic status (SES)
b) The objective measurement of one’s income and occupation
c) The level of education attained by an individual
d) The geographical location of a person’s residence

A

a) The subjective meaning and value people attach to their own socioeconomic status (SES)

187
Q

Which term describes the dynamic, iterative story of one’s life?
a) Status-based identity
b) Narrative identity
c) Social identity
d) Future identity

A

b) Narrative identity

188
Q

How is status-based identity related to socioeconomic status (SES)?
a) It is unrelated to SES
b) It is only related to income
c) It reflects the subjective meaning and value attached to understanding one’s own SES
d) It is primarily determined by one’s occupation

A

c) It reflects the subjective meaning and value attached to understanding one’s own SES

189
Q

What does status-based identity uncertainty refer to?
a) Uncertainty about one’s social group memberships
b) Uncertainty about one’s future identity
c) Uncertainty about one’s narrative identity
d) Uncertainty stemming from transitioning between different social classes

A

d) Uncertainty stemming from transitioning between different social classes

190
Q

Which aspect of identity is influenced by education, career, aging, and general life experience?
a) Narrative identity
b) Social identity
c) Future identity
d) Status-based identity

A

c) Future identity

191
Q

What does “status-based identity” refer to?
a) How people see themselves based on their achievements
b) How people perceive their worth based on their socioeconomic status
c) How people define their identity solely through their occupation
d) How people view themselves based on their social media status

A

b) How people perceive their worth based on their socioeconomic status

192
Q

what contributes to positive outcomes for low-income SES youth in academics?
a) High income levels
b) Prestigious jobs
c) Strong intentions to succeed academically
d) Lack of societal barriers

A

c) Strong intentions to succeed academically

193
Q

what is locus of control?

A

a “general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control or beyond your control”

194
Q

What does environmental psychology study?
a) Only individuals’ behaviors
b) Only individuals’ thoughts
c) The interaction between individuals and their surroundings
d) Only natural environments

A

c) The interaction between individuals and their surroundings

195
Q

Threshold effects in environmental psychology refer to:
a) Consequences of exceeding certain limits
b) The psychological effects of architectural design
c) The consequences of environmental pollution
d) The psychological impacts of overcrowding

A

a) Consequences of exceeding certain limits

196
Q

What does the study by Wojchik and associates (2015) primarily focus on?
a) The association between political ideology and happiness
b) The impact of social media on stress levels
c) The relationship between religiosity and happiness
d) The consequences of technostress on health

A

a) The association between political ideology and happiness

197
Q

According to the study by Wojchik and associates (2015), what was found to fully mediate the association between political ideology and life satisfaction?
a) Techno-overload
b) Social media usage
c) Self-deceptive enhancement
d) Work-home conflict

A

c) Self-deceptive enhancement

198
Q

What are the risk factors associated with technostress, as identified by Vallone et al. (2023)?
a) Techno-ease and techno-reliability
b) Techno-overload and work-home conflict
c) Techno-sociality and pace of change
d) Techno-reliability and pace of change

A

b) Techno-overload and work-home conflict

199
Q

According to Vallone et al. (2023), which perception was negatively correlated with anxiety and depression?
a) Techno-ease
b) Techno-overload
c) Techno-reliability
d) Techno-sociality

A

a) Techno-ease

PSY 121 (5 decks)

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