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NCM113 CHN LEC > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the science which deals with the study of the human population’s size, composition and distribution in space.

A

Demography

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2
Q

is defined as an official and periodic enumeration of population.

A

Census

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3
Q

demographic, economic and social data are collected from a specified population group.

A

Census

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4
Q

These data are then collated, synthesized and are made known to the public for purpose of determining and explaining trends in terms of population changes and planning programs and services.

A

Census

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5
Q

Two ways of assigning people when the census is being taken

A

De jure method
De facto

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6
Q

is done when people are assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of the census.

A

De jure method

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7
Q

is used when the people are assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of the census regardless of their usual place of residence.

A

De facto

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7
Q

*Refers to the number of people in a given place or area at a given time.

*Allows the nurse to make comparisons about population changes over time.

A

Population size

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8
Q

is simply the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time:

A

Nature increase

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9
Q

Natural increase formula

A

Natural increase = Number of births – Number of deaths

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10
Q

measures the number of people that are added to the population per year.

A

Absolute increase

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11
Q

Absolute increase formula

A

= Pt – Po
t

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12
Q

population size at a later year

A

pt

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13
Q

Number of years between time o and time t

A

Po

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14
Q

Number of years between time o and time t

A

t

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15
Q

is the crucial difference between the two censuses counts expressed in recent years relative to the population size made during an earlier year census.

A

Relative increase

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16
Q

Relative increase formula

A

= Pt - Po
Po

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17
Q

refers to a certain variables such as sex, age, occupation and educational level.

A

Population Composition

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18
Q

compares the number of males to the number of females in the population.

A

Sex composition

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19
Q

Sex ration formula

A

= number of males
Number of females x 100

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20
Q

represents the number of males for every 100 females in the population.

A

sex ratio

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21
Q

Age composition

A

Median age
Dependency Ratio

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22
Q

divides the population into two equal parts. So, if the median age is said to be19 years old, it means half of the population belongs to 19 years and above, while the other half belongs to ages below 19 years old.

A

Median age

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23
Q

compares the number of economically dependent with economically productive group in the population.

A

Dependency Ratio

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24
Q

are considered economically dependent.

A

0 – 14 years old and 65 years old and above

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25
Q

are considered productive age group

A

15– 64 years old

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26
Q

it can be described in terms of urban-rural distribution, population density and crowding index.

A

Population distribution

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27
Q

simply illustrates the proportion of people living in urban compared to the rural areas.

A

Urban-Rural Distribution

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28
Q

describe the ease by which a communicable disease can be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host. This described by dividing the number of persons in a household with the number of rooms used by the family for sleeping.

A

Crowding index

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29
Q

determine how congested a place is. It can be computed by dividing the number of people living in a given land area.

A

Population density

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30
Q

Vital and Health Statistics/Indicators

A

General fertility Rate (GFR)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Crude Birth Rate
The SWAROOP’S INDEX
Morbidity rates

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31
Q

This rate is a more refined measure than crude birth rate because the denominator makes use of the number of women of a child-bearing age.

A

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

32
Q

This rate is considered one of the most sensitive indices of the health conditions obtained in a population

A

Infant Mortality Rate

33
Q

This rate measures the risk of dying from causes with childbirth.

A

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

34
Q

is only a rough measure of fertility in the population since it makes use of the mid-year population (which ignores the number of men and women incapable of child bearing) as its denominator.

A

Crude Birth Rate

35
Q

is another proportional mortality indicator. It gives the percentage of all deaths, which occur in persons 50 years and above

A

The Swaroop’s Index

36
Q

implies the life expectancy is short and people die more of acute and communicable diseases.

A

Low index

37
Q

refer to the number of people within a certain unit of the general population who have a certain disease or condition.

A

Morbidity Rates

38
Q

Unit of population is generally (blank), although this may vary depending on location and the condition in question.

A

100,000

39
Q

are used to help determine the overall prevalence of a specific illness.

A

Morbidity rates

40
Q

Leading cause of Death in 2017

A

Ischemic Heart Disease
Neoplasms
Cerebrovascular diseases
Pneumonia
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertensive Diseases
Chronic Lower respiratory Infections
Respiratory tuberculosis
Other heart diseases
Remainder of the disease of the Genitourinary system

41
Q

Leading cause of Morbidity

A

Acute respiratory infection
Acute lower respiratory tract infection and Pneumonia
Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis
Hypertension
Acute watery diarrhea
Influenza
Urinary tract infection
TB respiratory
Injuries
Disease of the Heart

42
Q

Science concerned with the circumstances under which diseases occur, where diseases tend to flourish and where they do not.

A

Epidemiology

43
Q

is the field of science, which is concerned with the various factors, and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defects, disability and death among groups of individuals.

A

Epidemiology

44
Q

Is the study of the distribution and dynamics of disease occurrence in human populations as a basis for determining preventive and control measures.

A

Epidemiology

45
Q

Uses of Epidemiology

A

 Determine whether epidemiologic data are consistent with etiological hypothesis
 Provide basis for preventive and public health services.
 Provide knowledge of disease frequency and distribution during epidemic and non-epidemic times

46
Q

the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area.

A

Endemic

47
Q

the occurrence in a community or region of cases of a disease condition clearly in excess of normal expectancy and derived from a common or propagated source.

A

Epidemic

48
Q

denoting a disease affecting or attacking all or a large portion of the population

A

Pandemic

49
Q

denoting a disease affecting or attacking all or a large portion of the population

A

Sporadic

50
Q

the entry and development of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.

A

Infection

51
Q

an organism, chiefly a microorganism but including helminths that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease.

A

Infectious agent

52
Q

an apparent or manifest condition of man or animals resulting from an infection.

A

Infectious disease

53
Q

the time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms

A

Incubation period

54
Q

the person, animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes immediately to a host.

A

Source of infection

55
Q

the first case that occurs to a family or community as a unit.

A

Primary case

56
Q

a case resulting from a primary case.

A

Secondary case

57
Q

any human being, animal, anthropoid, plant, soil, or inanimate object in which infectious agent normally lives and multiplies.

A

Reservoir

58
Q
  • a person or animal presumably not possessing sufficient resistance against a particular agent to prevent contracting a disease if or when exposed to the agent.
A

Susceptible

59
Q

A person (or animal) who harbors a specific disease causing agent, in the absence of clinical manifestations and who served as a source of infection for others.

A

Carrier

60
Q

A person (or animal) who has been in association with the infected person or animal or a contaminated environment.

A

Contact

61
Q

frequency or occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population over a stated period of time expressed as a rate.

A

Incedence

62
Q

limitation of movement of a person having a communicable disease or of a carrier who harbors an infectious agent.

A

Isolation

63
Q

restriction of movement of those who have been in contact with a communicable disease for a period of time during which they maybe potentially infectious to others.

A

Quarantine

64
Q

– an animal or plant in or upon which a parasite live. Any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism.

A

Host

65
Q

is the probability of a group or community developing an epidemic upon introduction of an infectious agent.

A

Herd Immunity

66
Q

Epidemiologic Triad

A

Agent Pathogen, Host, Environment

67
Q

determines the modes of transmission, natural history, occurrence, and control of disease, illness or other condition.

A

The interaction of host, agent and the environment

68
Q

is an any, substance or force, either animate or inanimate, the presence or absence of which may serve as stimulus to initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

A

Agent of a disease

69
Q

Agents

A

Biological, Chemical, Physical, Mechanical, Nutritive

70
Q

Host

A

Demographic Characteristics
General Health status
Body Defenses
State of Immunity and immunological response

71
Q

Environment

A

Physical
Biological Social

72
Q

Phases of Epidemiological Approach

A

Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytical Epidemiology
Intervention or experimental Epidemiology
Evaluation Epidemiology

73
Q

Concerned with disease distribution and frequency

A

Descriptive epidemiology

74
Q
  • Observation and recording of existing patterns of occurrence of the health condition under study
  • Description of the disease/condition as to person, place and time characteristics
  • Analysis of the general pattern of occurrence of the disease or condition.
A

Descriptive Epidemniology

75
Q

Attempts to analyze the causes or determinants of disease through hypothesis testing

A

Analytical Epidemiology

76
Q

answers questions about the effectiveness of new methods for controlling diseases for improving underlying condition

A

Intervention or experimental Epidemiology

77
Q

attempts to measure the effectiveness of different health services and programs

A

Evaluation Epidemiology

NCM113 CHN LEC (11 decks)

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