Chapter 3 Flashcards
Is the science which deals with the study of the human population’s size, composition and distribution in space.
Demography
is defined as an official and periodic enumeration of population.
Census
demographic, economic and social data are collected from a specified population group.
Census
These data are then collated, synthesized and are made known to the public for purpose of determining and explaining trends in terms of population changes and planning programs and services.
Census
Two ways of assigning people when the census is being taken
De jure method
De facto
is done when people are assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of the census.
De jure method
is used when the people are assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of the census regardless of their usual place of residence.
De facto
*Refers to the number of people in a given place or area at a given time.
*Allows the nurse to make comparisons about population changes over time.
Population size
is simply the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time:
Nature increase
Natural increase formula
Natural increase = Number of births – Number of deaths
measures the number of people that are added to the population per year.
Absolute increase
Absolute increase formula
= Pt – Po
t
population size at a later year
pt
Number of years between time o and time t
Po
Number of years between time o and time t
t
is the crucial difference between the two censuses counts expressed in recent years relative to the population size made during an earlier year census.
Relative increase
Relative increase formula
= Pt - Po
Po
refers to a certain variables such as sex, age, occupation and educational level.
Population Composition
compares the number of males to the number of females in the population.
Sex composition
Sex ration formula
= number of males
Number of females x 100
represents the number of males for every 100 females in the population.
sex ratio
Age composition
Median age
Dependency Ratio
divides the population into two equal parts. So, if the median age is said to be19 years old, it means half of the population belongs to 19 years and above, while the other half belongs to ages below 19 years old.
Median age
compares the number of economically dependent with economically productive group in the population.
Dependency Ratio
are considered economically dependent.
0 – 14 years old and 65 years old and above
are considered productive age group
15– 64 years old
it can be described in terms of urban-rural distribution, population density and crowding index.
Population distribution
simply illustrates the proportion of people living in urban compared to the rural areas.
Urban-Rural Distribution
describe the ease by which a communicable disease can be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host. This described by dividing the number of persons in a household with the number of rooms used by the family for sleeping.
Crowding index
determine how congested a place is. It can be computed by dividing the number of people living in a given land area.
Population density
Vital and Health Statistics/Indicators
General fertility Rate (GFR)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Crude Birth Rate
The SWAROOP’S INDEX
Morbidity rates
This rate is a more refined measure than crude birth rate because the denominator makes use of the number of women of a child-bearing age.
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
This rate is considered one of the most sensitive indices of the health conditions obtained in a population
Infant Mortality Rate
This rate measures the risk of dying from causes with childbirth.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
is only a rough measure of fertility in the population since it makes use of the mid-year population (which ignores the number of men and women incapable of child bearing) as its denominator.
Crude Birth Rate
is another proportional mortality indicator. It gives the percentage of all deaths, which occur in persons 50 years and above
The Swaroop’s Index
implies the life expectancy is short and people die more of acute and communicable diseases.
Low index
refer to the number of people within a certain unit of the general population who have a certain disease or condition.
Morbidity Rates
Unit of population is generally (blank), although this may vary depending on location and the condition in question.
100,000
are used to help determine the overall prevalence of a specific illness.
Morbidity rates
Leading cause of Death in 2017
Ischemic Heart Disease
Neoplasms
Cerebrovascular diseases
Pneumonia
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertensive Diseases
Chronic Lower respiratory Infections
Respiratory tuberculosis
Other heart diseases
Remainder of the disease of the Genitourinary system
Leading cause of Morbidity
Acute respiratory infection
Acute lower respiratory tract infection and Pneumonia
Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis
Hypertension
Acute watery diarrhea
Influenza
Urinary tract infection
TB respiratory
Injuries
Disease of the Heart
Science concerned with the circumstances under which diseases occur, where diseases tend to flourish and where they do not.
Epidemiology
is the field of science, which is concerned with the various factors, and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defects, disability and death among groups of individuals.
Epidemiology
Is the study of the distribution and dynamics of disease occurrence in human populations as a basis for determining preventive and control measures.
Epidemiology
Uses of Epidemiology
Determine whether epidemiologic data are consistent with etiological hypothesis
Provide basis for preventive and public health services.
Provide knowledge of disease frequency and distribution during epidemic and non-epidemic times
the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area.
Endemic
the occurrence in a community or region of cases of a disease condition clearly in excess of normal expectancy and derived from a common or propagated source.
Epidemic
denoting a disease affecting or attacking all or a large portion of the population
Pandemic
denoting a disease affecting or attacking all or a large portion of the population
Sporadic
the entry and development of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
Infection
an organism, chiefly a microorganism but including helminths that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease.
Infectious agent
an apparent or manifest condition of man or animals resulting from an infection.
Infectious disease
the time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms
Incubation period
the person, animal, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes immediately to a host.
Source of infection
the first case that occurs to a family or community as a unit.
Primary case
a case resulting from a primary case.
Secondary case
any human being, animal, anthropoid, plant, soil, or inanimate object in which infectious agent normally lives and multiplies.
Reservoir
- a person or animal presumably not possessing sufficient resistance against a particular agent to prevent contracting a disease if or when exposed to the agent.
Susceptible
A person (or animal) who harbors a specific disease causing agent, in the absence of clinical manifestations and who served as a source of infection for others.
Carrier
A person (or animal) who has been in association with the infected person or animal or a contaminated environment.
Contact
frequency or occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population over a stated period of time expressed as a rate.
Incedence
limitation of movement of a person having a communicable disease or of a carrier who harbors an infectious agent.
Isolation
restriction of movement of those who have been in contact with a communicable disease for a period of time during which they maybe potentially infectious to others.
Quarantine
– an animal or plant in or upon which a parasite live. Any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism.
Host
is the probability of a group or community developing an epidemic upon introduction of an infectious agent.
Herd Immunity
Epidemiologic Triad
Agent Pathogen, Host, Environment
determines the modes of transmission, natural history, occurrence, and control of disease, illness or other condition.
The interaction of host, agent and the environment
is an any, substance or force, either animate or inanimate, the presence or absence of which may serve as stimulus to initiate or perpetuate a disease process.
Agent of a disease
Agents
Biological, Chemical, Physical, Mechanical, Nutritive
Host
Demographic Characteristics
General Health status
Body Defenses
State of Immunity and immunological response
Environment
Physical
Biological Social
Phases of Epidemiological Approach
Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytical Epidemiology
Intervention or experimental Epidemiology
Evaluation Epidemiology
Concerned with disease distribution and frequency
Descriptive epidemiology
- Observation and recording of existing patterns of occurrence of the health condition under study
- Description of the disease/condition as to person, place and time characteristics
- Analysis of the general pattern of occurrence of the disease or condition.
Descriptive Epidemniology
Attempts to analyze the causes or determinants of disease through hypothesis testing
Analytical Epidemiology
answers questions about the effectiveness of new methods for controlling diseases for improving underlying condition
Intervention or experimental Epidemiology
attempts to measure the effectiveness of different health services and programs
Evaluation Epidemiology
