Chapter 3 Flashcards
Energy
the ability to do work
Kinetic energy
energy of motion
Potential energy
saved or stored energy… can turn into energy at a later time
_ types of energy. They can be converted back and forth.
2 (kinetic & potential)
Energy for cells is _
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate…. adenosine base with 3 phosphates attached to it)
Cells can store energy by _. Ions go from a _ concentration to _ concentration
concentation gradient
high
low
ATP is a form of _
chemical energy
Glucose can be broken down via _. To convert to _
cellular respiration
ATP
Cells can only use _ for energy. You have to exchange triglycerides and glucose for this before they can be used for energy.
ATP
Electrical energy
e.g., wires coming out of the wall
mechanical energy is _
objects in motion (e.g., like a car)
Sounds energy is _
compression caused by vibrating object (e.g., sounds waves of the eardrum)
Radiant energy is _
energy of electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light striking the eye)
Heat is _
kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, and molecules
Thermodynamics is _
Study of energy trtansformations
The first law of thermodynamics
can’t create or destroy energy but it can change form
Second law of thermodynamics
When energy is transformed, some energy is lost to heat
Metabolism _
all the chemical reactions happening within the body. Occur when bonds are rearranging
Chemical reactions are classified by _(3)
1) changes in chemical structure
2) changes in chemical energy
3)whether the reaction is irreversible or reversible
Chemical structure types of classifications _(3)
1)decomposition (Large molecule broken down into smaller structure…They are catabolic(means they break things down…e.g., hydrolysis
2)Synthesis reaction(take small subunits(monomers) and build a bigger structure (e.g., dehydration synthesis forming a dipeptide)…. these are anabolic and synthesis reactions)
3)Exchange reactions(groups exchanged between two chemical structures(one entity to another)
Oxidation-reduction reation _
-Exchange reaction where electrons move from one chemical structure to another
The structure that loses an electron is called _
oxidized
The structure that gains an electron is the _
reduced
NAD+ is the _ form
Oxidized form(since it lost electrons and is now positively charged)
Classifications of chemical energy _(2) reactions
1) exergonic reactions(reactants with more energy…energy released with net decrease in potential energy)(e.g., decompostion(needs a lot less of a push)
2)Endergonic reactions(reactants with less energy within their chemical bons than products…energy supplied with a net increase in potential energy)
ATP oxidized to aid _
endergonic reactions
Carbonic acid reaciton is a _ reaction
reversible reaction
Reaction rate _
how quickly a chemical reaction takes place
Activation energy _
energy required to break existing chemical bonds
Enzymes are _ in nature
catalitic(reduced amount of energy needed to make it go…accelerate chemical reactions)
uncatalyzed _. catalyzed _
no enzyme present
enzyme present
-ase means _
enzyme
Location of enzymes _(3)
1)Some remain within cells
2)Some become embedded in plasma membrane
3)Some are secreted from the cell
Cofactors are _
molecules that help enzymes work better
Enzymes are made of _
proteins
Heat tends to _
break bonds between ions
substrate means _
the substance on which an enzyme acts
Saturation is _
so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction
Human enzymes function best at _
body temp. and slightly higher(104)
Optimal pH _
between pH of 6-8
competitive inhibitors _
the active site is occupied
noncompetitive inhibitors _
active site changes shape
Metabolic pathways _
-series of enzymes-product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of the next
negative-feedback
when the product of the pathway inhibits its own production
Phosphorylation _
-addition of phosphate group…carried out by phosphorylases phosphatase(remove and accept a phosphate group)
Dephosphorylation _
-removal of a phosphate group
Main way for your body to produce ATP is _
Cellular Respiration
Characteristics of Cellular Respiration is _
1)Exergonic
2)Oxygen must be present
Oxidation is when you _
remove electrons
Glucose oxidation byproducts are _
Carbon dioxide and water formed
Substrate Level Phosphorylation uses a _
enzyme
Oxidative Phosphorylation _
rips apart
ATP production happens in the _
Mitochondria
Four states of glucose oxidation are _
1)Glycolysis(breaking down of sugar…does not require oxygen)
2)Intermediate stage
3)Citric acid cycle
4)electron transport system
NAD’s job _
move hydrogens to the electron transport system
Glycolysis produces _
-pyruvate
-forms 2 ATP per glucose
intermediate stage _
tuns 2 ???? into 2 acetylated pyruvates
Citric Acid Cycle _
ribs off all the hydrogens, puts them on buses (NADH & FADH), loads up electron shuttles, makes 1 ATP
Electron Transport chain _
-Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2, energy used to make ATP
inert means _
doesn’t do anything
Glycolysis produces _
2 ATP
net total for glucose breakdown is _
30(gross is 36ish)
Pyruvate converted to _
lactate (lactic acid)
Parts of the Microscope
